Philippine Commission

First Philippine Commission

Main article: Schurman Commission

On January 20, 1899, President McKinley appointed the First Philippine Commission (the Schurman Commission), a five-person group headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman, president of Cornell University, to investigate conditions in the islands and make recommendations. In the report that they issued to the president the following year, the commissioners acknowledged Filipino aspirations for independence; they declared, however, that the Philippines was not ready for it. Specific recommendations included the establishment of civilian government as rapidly as possible (the American chief executive in the islands at that time was the military governor), including establishment of a bicameral legislature, autonomous governments on the provincial and municipal levels, and a system of free public elementary schools.

Second Philippine Commission

(or the Second Philippine Commission) (1900–1907)

upper house (1907–1916) Main article: Taft Commission

From Philippines: A Country Study by Ronald E. Dolan:

The Second Philippine Commission (the Taft Commission), appointed by McKinley on March 16, 1900, and headed by William Howard Taft, was granted legislative as well as limited executive powers. Between September 1900 and August 1902, it issued 499 laws. A judicial system was established, including a Supreme Court, and a legal code was drawn up to replace antiquated Spanish ordinances. A civil service was organized. The 1901 municipal code provided for popularly elected presidents, vice presidents, and councilors to serve on municipal boards. The municipal board members were responsible for collecting taxes, maintaining municipal properties, and undertaking necessary construction projects; they also elected provincial governors." On July 4, 1901, Taft became governor of a civil administration for the Philippines. This regime, called the Insular Government, administered the country until 1935.

"The Philippine Organic Act of July 1902 stipulated that... a Philippine Legislature would be established composed of a lower house, the Philippine Assembly, which would be popularly elected, and an upper house consisting of the Philippine Commission. The two houses would share legislative powers, although the upper house alone would pass laws relating to the Moros and other non-Christian peoples. The act also provided for extending the United States Bill of Rights to Filipinos and sending two Filipino resident commissioners to Washington to attend sessions of the United States Congress. In July 1907, the first elections for the assembly were held, and it opened its first session on October 16, 1907."

Membership

Leaders

The body was led by the governor-general of the Philippines:

• William Howard Taft (1901–1904)
• Luke Edward Wright (1904–1905)
• Henry Clay Ide (1905–1906)
• James Francis Smith (1906–1909)
• William Cameron Forbes (1909–1913)
• Francis Burton Harrison (1913–1916)

Other members

Secretary of finance and justice:

Secretary of the Interior:

Secretary of commerce and police:

Secretary of public instruction:

Philippine members (1901–1909):

Philippine members (1909–1913):

References and notes

Bibliography

References

1. (n.d.). "The Spooner Amendment".
2. Taft, William. (1908). "Present Day Problems". Ayer Publishing.
3. (July 1, 1902). "The Philippine Bill of July 1902". Filipiniana.net.
4. Elliott, Charles Burke. (1917). "The Philippines to the End of the Commission Government: A Study in Tropical Democracy". Greenwood Press.