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Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars
Defunct football team in the USFL
Defunct football team in the USFL
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| name | Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars |
| helmet | Philadelphia Baltimore Stars Helmet.gif |
| founded | 1982 |
| folded | 1986 |
| city | Byrd Stadium |
| in College Park, Maryland | |
| colors | Crimson, Old Gold, White |
| coach | 1983 Jim Mora |
| owner | Myles Tanenbaum |
| no_league_champs | 2 |
| no_conf_champs | 2 |
| no_div_champs | 2 |
| league_champs | 1984, 1985 |
| conf_champs | 1984, 1985 |
| div_champs | 1983, 1984 |
| playoff_appearances | 1983, 1984, 1985 |
| no_playoff_appearances | 3 |
the first edition of the USFL
in College Park, Maryland
United States Football League (1983–1985)
- Eastern Conference (1984–1985)
- Atlantic Division (1983–1984)
- Philadelphia Stars (1983–1984)
- Baltimore Stars (1985)
- Veterans Stadium (1983–1984)
- Franklin Field (1984 postseason)
- Byrd Stadium (1985)
The Philadelphia / Baltimore Stars were a professional American football team which played in the United States Football League (USFL) in the mid-1980s. Owned by real-estate magnate Myles Tanenbaum, they were the short-lived league's dominant team, playing in all three championship games and winning the latter two. They played their first two seasons in Philadelphia as the Philadelphia Stars before relocating to Baltimore, where they played as the Baltimore Stars for the USFL's final season. Coached by Jim Mora, the Stars won a league-best 41 regular season games and 7 playoff games.
Founding
On May 11, 1982, the announcement of the USFL was officially made by league owner and antique dealer, David Dixon. The league's Philadelphia team would be owned by real estate developer Myles H. Tanenbaum. He had originally wanted to name the team the Stallions in honor of Rocky Balboa, who was nicknamed "The Italian Stallion." However, when the Birmingham entry snapped up the Stallions name, Tanenbaum settled on "Stars."
George Perles was originally named as the team's head coach in July 1982. Perles, previously an assistant coach for the NFL's Pittsburgh Steelers, never coached a game for the Stars, opting to take the head coach position for Michigan State instead. On January 15, 1983, the Stars hired Jim Mora to be their head coach.
1983 season
Main article: 1983 Philadelphia Stars season
The Stars began in Philadelphia in the USFL's inaugural 1983 season and played their home games at Veterans Stadium (the "Vet"). They compiled the league's best regular season record of , and advanced to the 1983 USFL championship game. Their "Doghouse Defense" allowed only 204 points in an 18-game season—the least in the history of the league. The Stars were led by fourth-year quarterback Chuck Fusina (1978 Heisman Trophy runner-up), fifth-year wide receiver Scott Fitzkee, rookie halfback Kelvin Bryant of North Carolina, rookie offensive tackle Irv Eatman of UCLA, rookie linebacker Sam Mills, and second-year safety Scott Woerner. The team also featured Towson's all-star rookie punter Sean Landeta. At the conclusion of the regular season, Bryant was named the USFL's Player of the Year by the Associated Press.
The Stars entered the playoffs as the top-seeded team. In the Semi-Finals, the Stars defeated the preseason favorites to win the 1983 title—George Allen's Chicago Blitz—by withstanding seven turnovers and erasing a 21-point deficit in the fourth quarter to win 44–38 in overtime. In the league title game at Denver's Mile High Stadium on July 17, the Stars lost to Jim Stanley's Michigan Panthers, 24–22. Just as they had against the Blitz, the Stars opened the game sluggishly, but finished with a flourish, after allowing the Panthers to carry a 17–3 lead into the fourth quarter. Many observers of the time believed that the Stars, Panthers and Blitz were almost NFL-quality units.
One of the few blemishes on the Stars' first season was the box office. They only attracted 18,650 fans per game. In addition to bad weather, there were lingering memories of a massive gate-papering scandal involving the World Football League's Philadelphia Bell in 1974. The Bell had claimed that a total of over 120,000 fans had attended their first two games, but it subsequently emerged that all but 19,000 of the tickets had been given away for free or for significantly reduced prices.
1984 season
The Stars remained in Philadelphia for the 1984 season but were forced to relocate their post-season home games to Franklin Field due to a conflict with the Philadelphia Phillies. The Stars roared through the regular season with the league best record, and routed George Allen's Arizona Wranglers, 23–3 for the league title in Florida at Tampa Stadium on July 15. It was the last traditional professional football championship for the city of Philadelphia until the Eagles' Super Bowl LII victory at the end of the 2017 season, and its first since the 1960 NFL championship. The Stars were also becoming increasingly popular among fans, as average home attendance jumped from approximately 18,000 in 1983 to 28,000 in 1984.
After the league championship game, the Stars played a rare post-season exhibition game with Tampa Bay in England on July 21, and defeated the Bandits 24–21 at Wembley Stadium in London.
Schedule
| Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Week | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Date | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Opponent | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Result | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Record | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Venue | Philadelphia Stars | year=1984 | border=2}}" | Attendance | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Preseason | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Regular season | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Playoffs | Divisional |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Playoff | Conference | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Championship | USFL | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Championship | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Postseason Exhibition | Exhibition | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Bye | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. New Jersey Generals | L 20–28 | 0–1 | Deland, Florida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. Tampa Bay Bandits | L 17–22 | 0–2 | Orlando, Florida | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| February 26 | at Memphis Showboats | W 17–9 | 1–0 | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium | 28,098 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 4 | at Washington Federals | W 17–6 | 2–0 | RFK Stadium | 12,067 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 11 | at New Jersey Generals | L 14–17 | 2–1 | Giants Stadium | 46,716 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 18 | Oakland Invaders | W 28–7 | 3–1 | Veterans Stadium | 30,284 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at Pittsburgh Maulers | W 25–10 | 4–1 | Three Rivers Stadium | 24,341 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 1 | Tampa Bay Bandits | W 38–24 | 5–1 | Veterans Stadium | 30,270 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 8 | at Arizona Wranglers | W 22–21 | 6–1 | Sun Devil Stadium | 30,252 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 15 | Chicago Blitz | W 41–7 | 7–1 | Veterans Stadium | 17,417 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 22 | at San Antonio Gunslingers | W 24–10 | 8–1 | Alamo Stadium | 16,590 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New Orleans Breakers | W 35–0 | 9–1 | Veterans Stadium | 34,011 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 6 | at Birmingham Stallions | W 43–11 | 10–1 | Legion Field | 49,500 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 13 | Los Angeles Express | W 18–14 | 11–1 | Veterans Stadium | 22,391 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Jacksonville Bulls | W 45–12 | 12–1 | Veterans Stadium | 33,194 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 27 | at Michigan Panthers | W 31–13 | 13–1 | Pontiac Silverdome | 20,387 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Pittsburgh Maulers | W 23–17 | 14–1 | Veterans Stadium | 30,102 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at Denver Gold | W 21–19 | 15–1 | Mile High Stadium | 30,755 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Washington Federals | W 31–8 | 16–1 | Veterans Stadium | 22,582 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| June 24 | New Jersey Generals | L 10–16 | 16–2 | Veterans Stadium | 37,758 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| New Jersey Generals | W 28–7 | 1–0 | Franklin Field | 19,038 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| July 8 | Birmingham Stallions | W 20–10 | 2–0 | Franklin Field | 26,616 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| July 15 | vs. Arizona Wranglers | W 23–3 | 3–0 | Tampa Stadium | 52,662 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. Tampa Bay Bandits | W 24–21 | — | Wembley Stadium, | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| London, England | 21,000 |
Sources
Relocation to Baltimore
The league's owners, led by Donald Trump of the New Jersey Generals, voted to move play to the fall following the 1985 season. This put the Stars in a difficult position. Tanenbaum said that the Stars would have had to start the 1986 season on an extended road trip due to the Phillies sharing Veterans Stadium as well. Had the Phillies advanced to the World Series, the Stars would not be able to play a home game until November at the earliest. Moving full-time to Franklin Field was quickly ruled out due to the Penn Quakers football team playing there on Saturdays when the USFL had planned to play in the fall. The only other football venue in Philadelphia was John F. Kennedy Stadium, next door to the Vet. However, the 60-year-old stadium was in a poor state of repair after not being well maintained in several years; it would be condemned only four years later. In any case, it seated over 100,000 people, meaning even a decent-sized USFL crowd would have been swallowed up in the environment.
At the time, the Philadelphia Eagles were in visible distress only five years after making it to the Super Bowl due to Eagles owner Leonard Tose's gambling and other debts. The Stars were one of the few USFL teams that had a realistic possibility of forcing their NFL counterparts out of town. At one point, Tose unsuccessfully tried to trade the Eagles for the equally distressed Buffalo Bills and/or relocate to Arizona. However, officials with the city of Philadelphia had shown clear favoritism to the Eagles despite their financial struggles, scuttling Tose's efforts and securing an agreement to keep the Eagles in Philadelphia.
With no venue in the Delaware Valley suitable even for temporary use, Tanenbaum moved the team to Baltimore, which was still smarting from the loss of the NFL Colts in March 1984. Indeed, even as Tanenbaum prepared to move the Stars, the city of Baltimore was attempting to strip the Colts from owner Robert Irsay via eminent domain.
It initially appeared that the Stars would be bolstered by a merger with the Pittsburgh Maulers. Owner Edward J. DeBartolo, Sr. had folded the Maulers after just one season because he knew he could not compete with the Pittsburgh Steelers. He agreed to join Tanenbaum as a minority partner, but decided to get out altogether soon afterward.
Baltimore welcomed the Stars with open arms. Tanenbaum quickly signed a broadcasting deal with Baltimore's most powerful radio station, WBAL, and built a good relationship with then-mayor William Donald Schaefer. However, Tanenbaum ran into a problem when he discovered that the Stars could not play at Baltimore's Memorial Stadium until 1986 due to objections from the Baltimore Orioles. Reportedly, Orioles general manager Hank Peters and manager Joe Altobelli were concerned about the Stars tearing up the turf, and persuaded owner Edward Bennett Williams to lock out the Stars.
1985 season
At least in part due to all the moving, the Stars initially struggled in 1985, but won nine of their last 13 games to secure a wild-card berth. They did so in front of a mostly empty Byrd Stadium, however. While Baltimore-area fans were happy to see the return of pro football after a two-year absence, they balked at making the 35-minute drive down Interstate 95 to see the Stars play in College Park. Most were waiting for the team to begin play in the city's venerable Memorial Stadium a year later.
As a result, attendance sagged to the point that the Stars might have lost home-field advantage for the playoffs even with a winning record. ABC Sports, embarrassed at the dwindling attendance from around the league, told Usher it did not want to televise playoff games in near-empty stadiums. Since ABC had disproportionate influence on league affairs due to the structure of its contract with the USFL, Usher had little choice but to agree. However, the Stars managed to upend the favored New Jersey Generals and Birmingham Stallions in successive weeks to reach the title game at Giants Stadium in New Jersey. Once there, the Stars won the USFL title beating the Bobby Hebert-led Oakland Invaders, 28–24. Soon afterward, Tanenbaum sold controlling interest to fellow real estate magnate Stephen Ross.
As it turned out, this was the final USFL game ever played. On July 29, 1986, a federal grand jury found in favor of the USFL in its antitrust suit against the NFL. However, the USFL was only awarded $1 in damages, tripled to $3 under antitrust law. The league's abandonment of Philadelphia was a factor in the adverse jury award. The jury foreman explained that while they agreed the NFL was a monopoly, they could not agree on the size of the award. As a result, the jury misinterpreted the law and decided on the $1 award, feeling it would be changed by the presiding judge. However, the judge was not able to increase the amount once it was stipulated by the jury. As a result, the league suspended operations a day later, never to return.
Number 19 was never issued to any player in that lone season out of respect to the Colts' great Johnny Unitas.
Schedule
| Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Week | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Date | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Opponent | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Result | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Record | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Venue | Philadelphia Stars | year=1985 | border=2}}" | Attendance | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Preseason | 1 | 2 | 3 | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Regular season | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | Philadelphia Stars | border=2}}" | Postseason | Quarterfinals | Semifinals | USFL |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Championship | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. Orlando Renegades | L 10–16 | 0–1 | Spec Martin Stadium, Deland, Florida | 300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. Memphis Showboats | W 14–9 | 1–1 | Winter Haven, Florida | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| vs. Tampa Bay Bandits | L 26–28 | 1–2 | Charlotte, North Carolina | 20,000 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| February 24 | at Jacksonville Bulls | L 14–22 | 0–1 | Gator Bowl Stadium | 51,045 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 3 | at Oakland Invaders | T 17–17 (OT) | 0–1–1 | Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum | 20,495 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at Memphis Showboats | L 19–21 | 0–2–1 | Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium | 37,466 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 17 | New Jersey Generals | W 29–9 | 1–2–1 | Byrd Stadium | 31,026 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 24 | Birmingham Stallions | L 3–7 | 1–3–1 | Byrd Stadium | 14,529 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| March 31 | at Houston Gamblers | W 27–14 | 2–3–1 | Houston Astrodome | 24,166 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 7 | at Los Angeles Express | W 17–6 | 3–3–1 | Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum | 5,637 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 14 | Memphis Showboats | L 10–13 | 3–4–1 | Byrd Stadium | 15,728 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 21 | Portland Breakers | W 26–17 | 4–4–1 | Byrd Stadium | 14,832 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| April 28 | at Tampa Bay Bandits | L 14–29 | 4–5–1 | Tampa Stadium | 41,226 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 5 | Arizona Outlaws | W 24–19 | 5–5–1 | Byrd Stadium | 14,432 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 12 | at New Jersey Generals | L 3–10 | 5–6–1 | Giants Stadium | 34,446 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at Orlando Renegades | W 34–21 | 6–6–1 | Florida Citrus Bowl | 23,121 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| May 26 | San Antonio Gunslingers | W 28–10 | 7–6–1 | Byrd Stadium | 8,633 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| June 2 | Jacksonville Bulls | W 17–12 | 8–6–1 | Byrd Stadium | 9,663 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at Birmingham Stallions | L 7–14 | 8–7–1 | Legion Field | 24,300 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Orlando Renegades | W 41–10 | 9–7–1 | Byrd Stadium | 6,988 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| June 23 | Tampa Bay Bandits | W 38–10 | 10–7–1 | Byrd Stadium | 12,647 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| at New Jersey Generals | W 20–17 | 1–0 | Giants Stadium | 26,982 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| July 7 | at Birmingham Stallions | W 28–14 | 2–0 | Legion Field | 23,250 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| July 14 | vs. Oakland Invaders | W 28–24 | 3–0 | Giants Stadium | 49,263 |
Sources
Legacy
The Stars are widely acknowledged to have been the best team to see the field in USFL history.
The Stars won 41 of 54 regular-season games and were 7–1 in the postseason. For the team's entire run, they were coached by Jim Mora (Sr), who later became a head coach in the NFL for the New Orleans Saints and Indianapolis Colts. Mora was actually the Stars' second choice; Tannenbaum originally hired Pittsburgh Steelers defensive coordinator George Perles, but Perles opted instead to take the open job at his alma mater, Michigan State.
Carl Peterson, who later became the president/general manager/chief executive officer of the Kansas City Chiefs, served as the team's General Manager for all three seasons.
Sean Landeta and Sam Mills both also had successful careers in the NFL. Landeta was one of the top punters in the NFL for two decades, and was the last former USFL player still active in the NFL at the time of his retirement in 2006. Mills had a sterling career with the Saints (alongside Mora) and the Carolina Panthers. The Panthers retired Mills' No. 51 jersey after his death from cancer in 2005.
Landeta and Bart Oates were also teammates with the New York Giants. Oates signed with the Giants in 1985. Both Oates and Landeta went on to win a combined five Super Bowl rings throughout their NFL careers. Both won two rings apiece with the Giants in 1986 and 1990, while Oates earned an additional ring with the San Francisco 49ers in 1994. Oates was selected to five Pro Bowls during his career and to the UPI All-NFC team three times. He was extremely durable, starting 125 consecutive games during his Giants career.
Single-season leaders
Rushing Yards: 1470 (1983), Kelvin Bryant, 1406 (1984), Kelvin Bryant, 1207 (1985), Kelvin Bryant
Receiving Yards: 731 (1983), Scott Fitzkee, 1895 (1984), Scott Fitzkee, 882 (1985), Scott Fitzkee
Passing Yards: 2718 (1983), Chuck Fusina, 3837 (1984), Chuck Fusina, 3496 (1985), Chuck Fusina
Interceptions: 8 (1983), Scott Woerner, 7 (1984), Mike Lush, 10 (1985) Mike Lush
Sacks: 8.5 (1983), Don Fielder, 6 (1984) George Cooper, 10 (1985) John Walker
Season-by-season results
| - style="text-align:center;" |
|---|
| 1983 |
| Lost USFL Championship (Michigan) |
| - |
| 1984 |
| Won Eastern Conference Championship (Birmingham) |
| Won USFL Championship (Arizona) |
| - style="text-align:center;" |
| - |
| 1985 |
| Won Eastern Conference Championship (Birmingham) |
| Won USFL Championship (Oakland) |
| - |
| !Totals |
Radio broadcasters
| Year | Station | Play-by-play | Color commentator |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1983 | Harry Donohue | ||
| 1984 | Harry Donohue | Vince Papale | |
| 1985 | WCBM | Chuck Thompson | Vince Bagli |
References
References
- "USFL History - USFL (United States Football League)".
- "PHI - United States Football League - Revisited".
- "Standings/Awards - United States Football League - Revisited".
- Jauss, Bill. (July 10, 1983). "Blitz has big fall off 21-point perch". Chicago Tribune.
- Zonca, Tony. (July 10, 1983). "Blitz sees Stars in comeback". Reading Eagle.
- Jauss, Bill. (July 18, 1983). "Michigan has magic touch in USFL title game". Chicago Tribune.
- Domowitch, Paul. (July 18, 1983). "A final rally for title not in Stars". Reading Eagle.
- Lowitt, Bruce. (July 18, 1983). "Panthers tops stars for crown". Spokesman-Review.
- Jauss, Bill. (July 16, 1984). "Stars strangle Allen's Wranglers". Chicago Tribune.
- (July 16, 1984). "No denying Stars this time". Eugene Register-Guard.
- "Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars - USFL (United States Football League)".
- [https://www.statscrew.com/football/results/t-USFLPHI/y-1984 statscrew.com 1984 Philadelphia Stars Game-by-Game Results]
- [http://www.usflsite.com/1984season.php usflsite.com 1984 USFL Season]
- [https://www.profootballarchives.com/1984usflphi.html profootballarchives.com 1984 Philadelphia Stars (USFL)]
- Reeths, Paul. (2017). "The United States Football League, 1982-1986". [[McFarland & Company]].
- (December 17, 1984). "Tose's Decision to Stay Put Leaves Arizonans Miffed". The Seattle Times.
- (November 2, 1984). "Stars move to Baltimore". Lewiston Morning Tribune.
- (July 15, 1985). "Bryant helps Stars keep USFL title".
- (July 15, 1985). "Stars win last spring USFL title". Spokesman-Review.
- Smith, Sam. (July 30, 1986). "A tough victory for USFL". Chicago Tribune.
- (July 30, 1986). "The verdict: USFL wins, and loses". Eugene Register-Guard.
- [https://www.statscrew.com/football/results/t-USFLBAL/y-1985 statscrew.com 1985 Baltimore Stars Game-by-Game Results]
- [http://www.usflsite.com/1985season.php usflsite.com 1985 USFL Season]
- [https://www.profootballarchives.com/1985usflbal.html profootballarchives.com 1985 Baltimore (USFL)]
- [http://www.usflsite.com/usflgame.php?game_id=308 Anonymous, "Baltimore 10 at Orlando 16 (Deland, FL)," Associated Press, February 2, 1985. Retrieved December 16, 2018]
- [https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-02-03-8501070323-story.html Lorenz, Rich, "The New Jersey Generals have offered tackle...," ''Chicago Tribune'', February 3, 1985. Retrieved December 15, 2018]
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