Phenmetrazine

Medical uses

Phenmetrazine has been used as an appetite suppressant for purposes of weight loss. It was used therapeutically for this indication at a dosage of 25mg two or three times per day (or 50–75mg/day total) in adults. Phenmetrazine has been found to produce similar weight loss to dextroamphetamine in people with obesity.

In addition to its appetite suppressant effects, phenmetrazine produces psychostimulant and sympathomimetic effects. Phenmetrazine has been shown to produce very similar subjective psychostimulant effects to those of amphetamine and methamphetamine in clinical studies. Although able to produce comparable effects however, phenmetrazine has only about one-fifth to one-third of the potency of dextroamphetamine by weight.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

Phenmetrazine acts as a norepinephrine and dopamine releasing agent (NDRA), with values for induction of norepinephrine and dopamine release of 29–50nM and 70–131nM, respectively. It has very weak activity as a releaser of serotonin, with an EC50 value of 7,765 to 10,000nM. The drug is several times less potent than dextroamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine as an NDRA in vitro. This is in accordance with the higher doses required clinically.

In contrast to many other monoamine releasing agents (MRAs), phenmetrazine is inactive in terms of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) actions. A few other MRAs have also been found to be inactive at VMAT2, such as phentermine and benzylpiperazine (BZP). These findings indicate that VMAT2 activity is non-essential for robust MRA actions.

Phenmetrazine does not appear to have been assessed at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1).

Phenmetrazine has been found to dose-dependently elevate brain dopamine levels in rodents in vivo. A 10mg/kg i.v. dose of phenmetrazine increased nucleus accumbens dopamine levels by around 1,400% in rats. For comparison, dextroamphetamine 3mg/kg i.p. increased striatal dopamine levels by about 5,000% in rats. On the other hand, the maximal increases in brain dopamine levels with phenmetrazine are similar to those with the proposed dopamine transporter (DAT) "inverse agonists" methylphenidate and cocaine (e.g., ~1,500%). Dopamine-releasing drugs that lack VMAT2 activity are theorized to produce much smaller maximal impacts on dopamine levels under experimental conditions than those which also act on VMAT2 like amphetamine. However, the pharmacological significance of these VMAT2 interactions in humans is unclear.

In trials performed on rats, it has been found that after subcutaneous administration of phenmetrazine, both optical isomers are equally effective in reducing food intake, but in oral administration the levo isomer is more effective. In terms of central stimulation however, the dextro isomer is about four times as effective in both methods of administration.

Pharmacokinetics

After an oral dose, about 70% of the drug is excreted from the body within 24 hours. About 19% of that is excreted as the unmetabolised drug and the rest as various metabolites.

The salt which has been used for immediate-release formulations is phenmetrazine hydrochloride (Preludin). Sustained-release formulations were available as resin-bound, rather than soluble, salts. Both of these dosage forms share a similar bioavailability as well as time to peak onset, however, sustained-release formulations offer improved pharmacokinetics with a steady release of active ingredient which results in a lower peak concentration in blood plasma.

Chemistry

Phenmetrazine, also known as (2RS,3RS)-2-phenyl-3-methylmorpholine or as (2RS,3RS)-3-methyl-2-phenyltetrahydro-2H-1,4-oxazine, is a substituted phenylmorpholine. It is the (2RS,3RS)- or (±)-trans- enantiomer of 2-phenyl-3-methylmorpholine.

Phenmetrazine's chemical structure incorporates the backbone of amphetamine, the prototypical psychostimulant which, like phenmetrazine, is a releasing agent of dopamine and norepinephrine. The molecule also loosely resembles ethcathinone, the active metabolite of popular anorectic amfepramone (diethylpropion). Unlike phenmetrazine, ethcathinone (and therefore amfepramone as well) are mostly selective as norepinephrine releasing agents.

A variety of phenmetrazine analogues and derivatives have been encountered as designer drugs. In addition, the activities of various phenmetrazine analogues and derivatives as monoamine releasing agent (MRA) have been described.

Synthesis

Phenmetrazine can be synthesized in three steps from 2-bromopropiophenone and ethanolamine. The intermediate alcohol 3-methyl-2-phenylmorpholin-2-ol (1) is converted to a fumarate salt (2) with fumaric acid, then reduced with sodium borohydride to give phenmetrazine free base (3). The free base can be converted to the fumarate salt (4) by reaction with fumaric acid.

History

Phenmetrazine was first patented in Germany in 1952 by Boehringer-Ingelheim, with some pharmacological data published in 1954. It was the result of a search by Thomä and Wick for an anorectic drug without the side effects of amphetamine. Phenmetrazine was introduced into clinical use in 1954 in Europe.

Society and culture

Names

Phenmetrazine is the generic name of the drug and its , , and . It is also known by the brand name Preludin.

Availability

In 2004, phenmetrazine remained marketed only in Israel.

Legal status

Phenmetrazine is a Schedule II controlled substance in the United States.

Recreational use

Phenmetrazine has been used recreationally in many countries, including Sweden. When stimulant use first became prevalent in Sweden in the 1950s, phenmetrazine was preferred to amphetamine and methamphetamine by users. In the autobiographical novel Rush by Kim Wozencraft, intravenous phenmetrazine is described as the most euphoric and pro-sexual of the stimulants the author used.

Phenmetrazine was classified as a narcotic in Sweden in 1959, and was taken completely off the market in 1965. Formerly the illegal demand was satisfied by smuggling from Germany, and later Spain and Italy. At first, Preludin tablets were smuggled, but soon the smugglers started bringing in raw phenmetrazine powder. Eventually amphetamine became the dominant stimulant of abuse because of its greater availability.

Phenmetrazine was taken by the Beatles early in their career. Paul McCartney was one known user. McCartney's introduction to drugs started in Hamburg, Germany. The Beatles had to play for hours, and they were often given the drug (referred to as "prellies") by the maid who cleaned their housing arrangements, German customers, or by Astrid Kirchherr (whose mother bought them). McCartney would usually take one, but John Lennon would often take four or five. Hunter Davies asserted, in his 1968 biography of the band, that their use of such stimulants then was in response to their need to stay awake and keep working, rather than a simple desire for kicks.

Jack Ruby said he was on phenmetrazine at the time he killed Lee Harvey Oswald.

Preludin was also used recreationally in the US throughout the 1960s and 1970s. It could be crushed up in water, heated and injected. The street name for the drug in Washington, DC was "Bam". Phenmetrazine continues to be used and abused around the world, in countries including South Korea.

References

References

1. Anvisa. (31 March 2023). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial". [[Diário Oficial da União]].
2. (2 February 1957). "Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry: New and Nonofficial Remedies: Phenmetrazine Hydrochloride". Journal of the American Medical Association.
3. (June 1960). "Phenmetrazine and dexamphetamine in the management of obesity". Lancet.
4. (1986). "The discriminative stimulus and subjective effects of d-amphetamine, phenmetrazine and fenfluramine in humans". Psychopharmacology (Berl).
5. (1971). "Physiologic, subjective, and behavioral effects of amphetamine, methamphetamine, ephedrine, phenmetrazine, and methylphenidate in man". Clin Pharmacol Ther.
6. (2006). "Therapeutic potential of monoamine transporter substrates". Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.
7. (22 May 2012). "Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Rigid Analogues of Methamphetamines".
8. (January 2001). "Amphetamine-type central nervous system stimulants release norepinephrine more potently than they release dopamine and serotonin". Synapse.
9. (March 2013). "Powerful cocaine-like actions of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), a principal constituent of psychoactive 'bath salts' products". Neuropsychopharmacology.
10. (July 2008). "Dopamine Transporters: Chemistry, Biology and Pharmacology". Wiley.
11. (1999). "Problems of Drug Dependence 1999: Proceedings of the 61st Annual Scientific Meeting, The College on Problems of Drug Dependence, Inc".
12. (April 2012). "The designer methcathinone analogs, mephedrone and methylone, are substrates for monoamine transporters in brain tissue". Neuropsychopharmacology.
13. (September 2018). "Synthesis, analytical characterization, and monoamine transporter activity of the new psychoactive substance 4-methylphenmetrazine (4-MPM), with differentiation from its ortho- and meta- positional isomers". Drug Test Anal.
14. (20 May 2011). "Phenylmorpholines and analogues thereof".
15. (June 2002). "Interaction of the anorectic medication, phendimetrazine, and its metabolites with monoamine transporters in rat brain". European Journal of Pharmacology.
16. (October 2003). "Monoamine transporters and psychostimulant drugs". European Journal of Pharmacology.
17. (February 2015). "Behavioral, biological, and chemical perspectives on atypical agents targeting the dopamine transporter". Drug Alcohol Depend.
18. (October 2006). "Interaction of amphetamines and related compounds at the vesicular monoamine transporter". J Pharmacol Exp Ther.
19. "PDSP Database".
20. (31 December 2024). "Binding Database Home".
21. (December 2014). "Dopamine reuptake transporter (DAT) "inverse agonism"--a novel hypothesis to explain the enigmatic pharmacology of cocaine". Neuropharmacology.
22. (2020). "Molecular Mechanisms of Amphetamines". Handb Exp Pharmacol.
23. (1961). "Studies of the Mechanism of the Anti-Appetite Action of Phenmetrazine". Biochem. Pharmacol..
24. (2004). "Clarke's Analysis of Drugs and Poisons".
25. (May 2018). "Fluorinated phenmetrazine "legal highs" act as substrates for high-affinity monoamine transporters of the SLC6 family". Neuropharmacology.
26. "Improvements in or relating to the preparation of substituted morpholines".
27. "Process for the Production of Substituted Morpholines".
28. (1954). "Über einige Tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine mit sympathicomimetischen Eigenschaften". Arch. Exp. Pathol. Pharmakol..
29. (January 1957). "Preludin (phenmetrazine) in the treatment of obesity". Canadian Medical Association Journal.
30. (1966). "The Amphetamines: Toxicity and Addiction".
31. (2014). "The Dictionary of Drugs: Chemical Data: Chemical Data, Structures and Bibliographies". Springer US.
32. Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein. (2000). "Index Nominum 2000: International Drug Directory". Medpharm Scientific Publishers.
33. Schweizerischer Apotheker-Verein. (2004). "Index Nominum: International Drug Directory". Medpharm Scientific Publishers.
34. (10 July 2022). "An Historical Review of Steps and Missteps in the Discovery of Anti-Obesity Drugs". MDText.com, Inc..
35. "The Swedish Experience".
36. (1998). "Paul McCartney: Many Years from Now". H. Holt.
37. (1968). "The Beatles: The Authorized Biography". New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co.
38. (1964). "Testimony of Jack Ruby". US Government Printing Office.
39. (1996). "Rosa Lee". HarperCollins.
40. (February 2012). "Simultaneous analysis of psychotropic phenylalkylamines in oral fluid by GC-MS with automated SPE and its application to legal cases". Forensic Science International.