Peter Townsend (RAF officer)

Early life

Peter Wooldridge Townsend was born on 22 November 1914 in Rangoon, Burma, to doctor's son Lieutenant Colonel Edward Copleston Townsend, of the British Indian Army, and his wife, Gladys, daughter of Herbert Hatt-Cook, of Hartford Hall, Cheshire. At the time of the marriage his father was 42, 20 years older than his bride. The Townsend family, of Devon, tended to send its sons into the church or the armed forces.

From 1928 to 1932, Townsend was educated at Haileybury and Imperial Service College, then an all-boys private school.

RAF career

Townsend joined the Royal Air Force in 1933 and trained at RAF Cranwell. He was commissioned a pilot officer on 27 July 1935. On graduation, he joined No. 1 Squadron RAF at RAF Tangmere flying the Hawker Fury biplane fighter. In 1936 he was posted to No. 36 Squadron RAF in Singapore, flying the Vickers Vildebeest torpedo bomber. He was promoted to flying officer on 27 January 1937, and returned to Tangmere that year as a member of No. 43 Squadron RAF. Townsend was promoted to flight lieutenant on 27 January 1939.

In a memoir, Townsend recounted 605 Squadron's arrival at Tangmere, just before the outbreak of war. Townsend wrote:

The first enemy aircraft to crash on English soil during the Second World War fell to fighters from RAF Acklington in Northumberland on 3 February 1940, when three Hurricanes of 'B' flight, No. 43 Squadron, shot down a Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 of 4./KG 26 near Whitby. The pilots were Flight Lieutenant Townsend, Flying Officer "Tiger" Folkes and Sergeant Herbert Hallowes. Two more He 111s were claimed by Townsend, on 22 February and 8 April, and a sixth share on 22 April. Enemy aircraft had been shot down in 1939 by the RAF from over Scotland's Scapa Flow naval base during the Luftwaffe's first raid on Britain. Townsend was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross (DFC) in April 1940:

In April 1940, whilst on patrol over the North Sea, Flight Lieutenant Townsend intercepted and attacked an enemy aircraft at dusk and after a running fight shot it down. This is the third success obtained by this pilot and in each instance he has displayed qualities of leadership, skill and determination of the highest order, with little regard for his own safety.}}

By May 1940, Townsend was one of the most capable squadron leaders of the Battle of Britain, serving throughout the battle as commanding officer of No. 85 Squadron RAF, flying Hawker Hurricanes. On 11 July 1940, Acting Squadron Leader Townsend, flying Hurricane VY-K (P2716) intercepted a Dornier Do 17 of KG 2 and severely damaged the bomber, forcing it to crash land at Arras. Return fire from the Dornier hit the Hurricane coolant system and Townsend was forced to ditch 20 mi from the English coast, being rescued by HM Trawler Cape Finisterre. He was mentioned in despatches the same month. On 31 August, during combat with Messerschmitt Bf 110s over Tonbridge, Townsend was shot down and wounded in the left foot by a cannon shell which went through the glycol tank and exploded in the cockpit. He continued to lead the unit on the ground even after this wound resulted in his big toe being amputated, and he returned to operational flying on 21 September. Townsend was promoted to the substantive rank of squadron leader on 1 September 1940. A Bar to his DFC was awarded in early September 1940, for leading his squadron in protecting convoys during July and August 1940, personally shooting down four enemy aircraft and leading his squadron in destroying at least 10 enemy aircraft and damaging many others. The citation said of his leadership "...The success which has been achieved has been due to Squadron Leader Townsend's unflagging zeal and leadership."

Townsend oversaw the conversion of No. 85 Squadron to night operations at RAF Hunsdon in Hertfordshire during early 1941. In May 1941, by now an acting wing commander and credited with shooting down at least 11 enemy aircraft, Townsend was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO). His citation credited Townsend as an officer who had "...displayed outstanding powers of leadership and organisation, combined with great determination and skill in air combat. By his untiring efforts he has contributed materially to the many successes obtained by his squadron."

Townsend was promoted to the temporary rank of wing commander on 1 December 1941. He later became commanding officer of RAF Drem in Scotland in April 1942 and commanded No. 611 Squadron RAF, a Spitfire unit. He was later leader of No. 605 Squadron RAF, a night fighter unit, and attended the staff college from October 1942. In January 1943, he was appointed commanding officer of RAF West Malling in Kent. His wartime record was nine aircraft claimed destroyed, and two shared, two 'probables' and four damaged.

In 1944, Townsend was appointed temporary equerry to King George VI; the officer had been the future king's flight instructor in the 1930s. In the same year, the appointment was made permanent, and he served until 1953 when he became Extra Equerry, an honorary office he held until his death. He ended his wartime service with the temporary rank of wing commander and was promoted to the permanent rank of wing commander on 1 January 1949.

In August 1950, Townsend was made deputy Master of the Household and was moved to comptroller to the Queen Mother in 1952. He was promoted to group captain on 1 January 1953, and retired from the Royal Household the same year.

Townsend served as air attaché in Brussels from 1953 to 1956.

Later life

Townsend spent much of his later years writing non-fiction books. His books include Earth My Friend (about driving/boating around the world alone in the mid-1950s), Duel of Eagles (about the Battle of Britain), The Odds Against Us (also known as Duel in the Dark, about fighting Luftwaffe night bombers in 1940–1941), The Last Emperor (a biography of King George VI), The Girl in the White Ship (about a young refugee from Vietnam in the late 1970s who was the sole survivor of her ship of refugees), The Postman of Nagasaki (about the atomic bombing of Nagasaki), and Time and Chance (an autobiography). He also wrote many short articles and contributed to other books.

Townsend was a director of one of Gerald Carroll's Carroll Group companies.

Townsend was one of several military advisors for the film Battle of Britain (1969). He also appeared in the PBS video The Windsors: A Royal Family (1994).

Personal life

On 17 July 1941, Townsend married (Cecil) Rosemary Pawle (1921–2004). They had two sons, Giles (1942–2015) and Hugo (b. 1945). The family was resident in Adelaide Cottage in the 1940s. The younger son married Yolande, Princess of Ligne, daughter of Antoine, 13th Prince of Ligne and Alix, Princess of Ligne (née Princess Alix of Luxembourg as daughter of Charlotte, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg). Townsend and Pawle divorced in 1952.

After the divorce, Townsend and Princess Margaret decided to marry. He had met her in his role as an equerry to her father, King George VI. Divorcees suffered severe disapproval in the social atmosphere of the time and could not remarry in the Church of England if their former spouse was still alive. Their relationship was considered especially controversial because Margaret's sister, Queen Elizabeth II, was the Church's supreme governor.

When news of the relationship appeared in the press, the government posted Townsend to a position as air attaché at the British Embassy in Brussels. On 31 October 1955, Princess Margaret issued a public statement formally ending the relationship:

The BBC interrupted its scheduled radio programme to broadcast the statement.

In 1959, aged 45, Townsend married 20-year-old Marie-Luce Jamagne, a Belgian national he had met the previous year. They had two daughters and one son. Their younger daughter, Isabelle Townsend, became a commercial model for the fashion designer Ralph Lauren in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Isabelle Townsend and her family renovated and lived at Le Moulin de la Tuilerie in Gif-sur-Yvette, where the Duke and Duchess of Windsor had once lived.

Death and legacy

Townsend died of stomach cancer on 19 June 1995, in Saint-Léger-en-Yvelines, France, at the age of 80. The Independent wrote in Townsend's obituary that "He developed, too, a perceptible sense of relief that things turned out the way they did", because "for men like Mark Phillips and Princess Margaret's eventual husband Antony Armstrong-Jones, [marrying into the royal family] turned out to be an almost impossible undertaking".

Decorations and awards

In 2002, a sculpture of Townsend, designed by Guy Portelli, was erected at Townsend Square, part of the Kings Hill development, on the site formerly occupied by the RAF West Malling airfield.

Group Captain Townsend was the recipient of several high-level British decorations for gallantry and distinguished service during the Second World War, as well as foreign honours from Belgium and the Netherlands. His medals reflect a career of active operational flying, and of service to the Royal Family.

• [[File:RVO-Star (CVO-LVO).jpg|RVO-Star_(CVO-LVO)|59px]] Royal Victorian Order – Commander (CVO)

• [[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|60px]] Distinguished Service Order

• [[File:UK DFC 1918 w bar BAR.svg|60px]] Distinguished Flying Cross and Bar

• [[File:Clasp - 1939-45 & Battle of Britain.png|60px|Battle of Britain Clasp]] 1939–1945 Star with Battle of Britain Clasp

• [[File:Ribbon - Air Crew Europe Star.png|60px]] Air Crew Europe Star

• [[File:Defence Medal BAR.svg|60px]] Defence Medal

• [[File:Ribbon - War Medal & MiD.png|60px|Mentioned in Despatches]] War Medal 1939–1945 with Mentioned in Despatches oak leaf

• [[File:UK Queen EII Coronation Medal ribbon.svg|60px]] Queen Elizabeth II Coronation Medal

• [[File:UK_Queen_Elizabeth_II_Silver_Jubilee_Medal_ribbon.svg|60px]] Queen Elizabeth II Silver Jubilee Medal ; Foreign honours

• [[File:BEL Kroonorde Officier BAR.svg|60px]] Officer of the Order of the Crown (Belgium)

• [[File:NLD Inauguration Medal 1948.svg|60px]] Queen Juliana Inauguration Medal

• [[File:Order of Orange-Nassau ribbon - Commander.svg|60px]] Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau

The group of medals awarded to Townsend was sold at auction in June 2021 for £260,000 through the Dix Noonan Webb auction house.

In popular culture

Townsend is portrayed by Ben Miles, Timothy Dalton and Hamish Riddle in the Netflix television series The Crown.

Selected works

References

References

1. Barrymaine, Norman (1958). ''The Peter Townsend Story''. E. P. Dutton Ltd., p. 19.
2. Haileybury Register 1862–1910, Haileybury and Imperial Service College, 1910, p. 191
3. (2004). "Townsend, Peter Woolridge (1914–1995), air force officer and official in the royal household".
4. (April 2014). "Townsend, Group Captain Peter Wooldridge". Oxford University Press.
5. Royal Sisters- Queen Elizabeth II and Princess Margaret, Anne Edwards, Lyons Press, 2017, p. 115
6. "DSO Haileybury 1912 – 1962". Haileybury and Imperial Service College.
7. {{London Gazette. (10 September 1935)
8. Townsend, P. ''Time and Chance'' 1978 Book Club Associates pp84-93 with squadron photograph
9. {{London Gazette. (20 February 1937)
10. {{London Gazette. (14 February 1939)
11. Peter Townsend, Time and Chance: An Autobiography (London: Collins, 1978) page 108
12. "3rd February 1940: Peter Townsend scores first with first plane shot down over England". WWII Today.
13. {{London Gazette. (30 April 1940)
14. {{London Gazette. (9 July 1940)
15. {{London Gazette. (14 April 1942)
16. {{London Gazette. (6 September 1940)
17. {{London Gazette. (13 May 1941)
18. {{London Gazette. (16 December 1941)
19. (2015). "RAF Fighter Pilots in WWII". Pen and Sword.
20. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 54.
21. Peter Townsend, Duel of Eagles, Harrap, 1970, p. 112.
22. Peter Townsend, Duel of Eagles, Harrap, 1970, p. 114.
23. Peter Townsend, Duel of Eagles, Harrap, 1970, pp. 145–146.
24. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 231.
25. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 238.
26. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 243.
27. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 245.
28. Francis K. Mason, Battle Over Britain, McWhirter Twins Ltd, 1969, p. 246.
29. {{London Gazette. (14 March 1944)
30. (23 March 1955). "WHO IS TOWNSEND?". Australian Women's Weekly.
31. {{London Gazette. (3 July 1953)
32. {{London Gazette. (28 December 1948)
33. {{London Gazette. (1 August 1950)
34. {{London Gazette. (30 December 1952)
35. Tsuchiya, Takeshi. (23 July 2018). "A-bomb book by Briton to be reprinted on Nagasaki anniversary".
36. "Peter Townsend".
37. Anderson, Susan Heller. (24 August 1980). "Peter Townsend, at 65, Settles In as a Successful Author; Relentless Horror Assistance From World Agencies 'Longing for Revenge' Off Around the World". The New York Times.
38. "SFO looks at 500m fall of Carroll empire", Dominic O'Connell, ''[[Sunday Business]]'', 1 October 2000, p. 1.
39. Goodman, Walter. (7 November 1994). "TELEVISION REVIEW; Kings, Queens and Commoners: A Tasting of the Windsor Stew". The New York Times.
40. "The Windsors: A Royal Family".
41. Valentine Low. (14 June 2022). "Adelaide Cottage, duke and duchess's new home, was scene of royal scandal". [[The Times]].
42. Frost, Katie. (8 December 2017). "Princess Margaret and Peter Townsend's Love Affair – The Real Story of Margaret & Captain Townsend".
43. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/31/newsid_3202000/3202307.stm "1955: Princess Margaret cancels wedding"]. "On This Day", BBC.
44. Nikkhah, Roya (7 November 2009). [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/6520837/Princess-Margaret-recently-unearthed-letter-sheds-new-light-on-decision-not-to-marry.html "Princess Margaret: recently unearthed letter sheds new light on decision not to marry"]. ''The Daily Telegraph''.
45. Gregory, Joseph R.. (2 February 2002). "Princess Margaret Dies at 71; Sister of Queen Elizabeth Had a Troubled Life". The New York Times.
46. (October 2010). "Love Story".
47. "Le Moulin – Restoration".
48. De-la-Noy, Michael. (21 June 1995). "Obituary: Gp Capt Peter Townsend". The Independent.
49. "Guy Portelli Sculpture Studio".
50. (7 June 1940). "Air Ministry Announcements".
51. (11 October 1940). "Air Ministry Announcements".
52. David Leitch, ''Fighter Pilot: The Story of Peter Townsend'', Osprey Publishing, 2013, p. 45.
53. “Group Captain Peter Townsend's Medals sell for £260,000,” Forces News, 21 July 2021, https://www.forcesnews.com/news/group-captain-townsends-battle-britain-medals-sell-ps260000
54. Samuelson, Kate. "'The Crown' and the True History of Princess Margaret's Doomed Romance".
55. Singh, Anita. (25 September 2021). "'Timothy Dalton's licence to thrill Crown audiences as Princess Margaret's former lover". The Telegraph.