Payments as a service

History

Since the 1980s, credit cards and international wire transfer systems like the Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) have been primary methods for making and receiving electronic cross-border payments. Within individual countries, payers and payees have used various electronic systems to make such payments. In the United States, for instance, the Federal Reserve Bank operates the automated clearing house (ACH) system.

In the Eurozone the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) defines the rules for credit transfer (SCT) and direct debits (SDD) for Euro payments and these are implemented by various clearing and settlement both within Eurozone countries and for pan-European payments. SEPA Instant (SCT Inst) has been available since November 2017 for single immediate payments. The ECB provides a real time gross settlement system (RTGS) for SEPA payments called TARGET2. The ECB also provides TIPS for immediate settlement of SEPA payments using TARGET2. RT1 from EBA Clearing provides a pan-European ACH (PEACH) for SEPA instant payments settling on TARGET2.

With the advent of the World Wide Web, it became necessary to provide alternative payment systems. At first, consumers were hesitant to use their credit cards on the Web due to security concerns. Entrepreneurs tried to market an "electronic wallet". As early as 1994, CyberCash allowed consumers to make secure purchases over the Internet.

CyberCash eventually failed. In March 2000, PayPal was formed and became a predominant electronic wallet in the U.S. Similar regional services include WebMoney and Yandex.Money in Russia and Alipay in China. While popular in their own countries, these do not have significant global reach. PayPal and Moneybookers (Skrill) became regional electronic wallets, providing greater liquidity, but still do not provide for the free flow of funds between all popular electronic wallet solutions.

References

References

1. [[ISO 9362]], Also known as SWIFT-BIC, BIC code, SWIFT ID or SWIFT code)
2. [http://www.fms.treas.gov/ach/index.html ACH overview] {{Webarchive. link. (12 March 2015 on the Fed website)
3. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/explainers/tell-me/html/target2 {{Dead link. (February 2022)
4. https://www.ecb.europa.eu/paym/target/tips/html/index {{Dead link. (February 2022)
5. "Background".
6. [https://books.google.com/books?id=4TJtnkaWpp0C&dq=1994+CyberCash&pg=PA118 Cybercash: the coming era of electronic money] – Robert Guttmann – 2003 – Business & Economics
7. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PO7RM7gMrhUC&dq=moneybookers&pg=PA11 EOctopus in Hong Kong – A Feasibility Study] — Ben Beiske, Leslie Lee, Iris Yim, David Yu