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Parliament of Poland

Bicameral legislature of Poland

Field	Value
name	Parliament of Poland
native_name	Parlament Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
native_name_lang	pol
legislature	10th term Sejm and 11th term Senate
coa_pic	Herb Polski.svg
coa_res	90px
coa_alt	Polish coat of arms
house_type	Bicameral
houses
term_limits	4 years
leader1_type	Marshal of the Senate
leader1
party1	PO
election1	13 November 2023
leader2_type	Marshal of the Sejm
leader2	Włodzimierz Czarzasty
party2	New Left
election2	18 November 2025
seats
house1	Senate
house2	Sejm
structure1	11th term Senate of Poland.svg
structure1_res	250px
structure2	10th_Term_Sejm_of_Poland_(2025).svg
structure2_res	250px
political_groups1	Government (62)
political_groups2	Government (240)
voting_system1	First-past-the-post voting
voting_system2	Proportional representation
last_election1	15 October 2023
last_election2	15 October 2023
next_election1	2027
next_election2	2027
session_room	Zgromadzenie Narodowe 4 czerwca 2014 Kancelaria Senatu 03.JPG
session_res	240px
meeting_place	Sejm chamber, Warsaw
session_room2	File:Uid bf9025a1e9e5d6db10c70fa9506ffb2a1386198960027 width 700 play 0 pos 4 gs 0.jpg
session_res2	240px
meeting_place2	Senate chamber, Warsaw
footnotes	Open-list proportional representation in 41 constituencies (5% national electoral threshold, 8% national electoral threshold for coalitions).

KO (42){{efn|
PO (36)
T!DPL (1)
Independent (5)}}
TD (12){{efn|
PL2050 (5)
PSL (4)
UED (1)
CdP (1)
Independent (1)}}
L (8){{efn|
NL (4)
UP (1)
PPS (1)
Independent (2)}} Confidence and supply (1)
Non-aligned (1) Other (3)
NP (3) Opposition (34)
PiS (34){{efn|
PiS (30)
Independent (4)}}
KO (157){{efn|
PO (125)
.N (10)
Greens (3)
iPL (2)
T!DPL (2)
Au (1)
Independent (13)}}
PSL (32){{efn|
PSL (28)
CdP (3)
Independent (1)}}
PL2050 (30)
The Left (21){{efn|
NL (18)
Independent (3)}} Confidence and supply (3)
Non-aligned (3) Opposition (217)
PiS (188){{efn|
PiS (179)
ONRP (6)
Independent (3)}}
KWiN (16){{efn|
NN (8)
RN (7)
Independent (1)}}
Razem (5)
WR (4){{efn|
K'15 (3)
WiD (1)}}
KKP (3)
Non-aligned (1) The parliament of Poland is the bicameral legislature of Poland. It is composed of an upper house (the Senate) and a lower house (the Sejm). Both houses are accommodated in the Sejm and Senate Complex in Warsaw. The Constitution of Poland does not refer to the Parliament as a body, but only to the Sejm and Senate.

Members of both houses are elected by direct election, usually every four years. The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 senators. To become law, a bill must first be approved by both houses, but the Sejm can override a Senate refusal to pass a bill.

On certain occasions, the Marshal of the Sejm summons the National Assembly, a joint session of the members of both houses. It is mostly ceremonial in nature, and it only convenes occasionally, such as to witness the inauguration of the President. Under exceptional circumstances, the constitution endows the National Assembly with great responsibilities and powers, such as to bring the President before the State Tribunal (impeachment). The largest party in the Sejm is Law and Justice (PiS) with 194 out of 460 seats in Sejm. Civic Coalition is leading in the Senate with 42 out of 100 seats. The two debating halls have designated seats for the deputies, senators and the single Marshal (speaker) of each. Senators and deputies are equipped with voting devices.

Parliamentary groups and affiliations

After election deputies and senators will remain or splinter into deputy or senatorial groupings, or have no affiliations and sit as "independents". In both chambers, there are two formal sizes of groups: Clubs (, klub () which are the entire party groups of the elected, where none have splintered away or defected to another klub) and circles (, koło ()). The primary difference between these is the degree of right to join and contribute to the relevant Seniors' Konwent (), the procedural committee that determines the drafting of agendas and chamber workings.

In the Sejm,

Clubs consist of at least 15 deputies;
Groups consist of at least 3 deputies.

In the Senate,

Clubs consist of at least 7 senators;
Groups consist of at least 3 senators.

National Assembly

The National Assembly () is the name of a joint sitting of the Sejm and the Senate. It is headed by the Marshal of the Sejm (or by the Marshal of the Senate when the former is absent).

Under the Constitution of Poland the National Assembly has the authority to:

declare the President's permanent incapacity to exercise his duties due to the state of his health (by a majority vote of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members),
bring an indictment against the President to the State Tribunal (by a majority of at least two-thirds of the statutory number of members, on the motion of at least 140 members),
adopt its own rules of procedure.

The National Assembly is also called in order to:

receive the President's oath of office,
hear a presidential address (however, the President may choose to deliver his address to either the Sejm or the Senate).

In the periods 1922–1935 and 1989–1990, it was this joint sitting which elected the President of the Republic of Poland by an absolute majority of votes. In and from 1935, it was replaced by an Assembly of Electors, which consisted of the Marshal of the Senate (as president of the Assembly of Electors), the Marshal of the Sejm, the Prime Minister, the Chief Justice, the General Armed Forces Inspector, 50 electors elected by the Sejm, and 25 electors elected by the Senate. Because of World War II, Assembly of Electors has never been convened. After the war, the Senate was abolished in 1946 so in 1947 Bolesław Bierut was elected president only by the Sejm. There were no presidents from 1952 until 1989 when the Senate was restored and the National Assembly elected Wojciech Jaruzelski as President.

Since 1990, the President has been elected by the people. However, the President is still sworn in before the National Assembly, which is also the only organ which can declare the President's permanent incapacity to perform his duties, or bring an indictment against him before State Tribunal.

From 1992 to 1997, the National Assembly drafted and passed a new Constitution, which was approved by a national referendum on 25 May 1997.

Current standings

Sejm

Club	Leader	Parties	Seats	Status
Law and Justice}}"		Law and Justice	Mariusz Błaszczak	Law and Justice}}"	Law and Justice
Renewal of the Republic of Poland}}"		Renewal of the Republic of Poland	6
Independent politician}}"		Independent	3
Total seats	188
Civic Coalition (Poland)}}"		Civic Coalition	Zbigniew Konwiński	Civic Platform}}"	Civic Platform
Modern (political party)}}"		Modern	10
The Greens (Poland, 2022)}}"		The Greens	3
Polish Initiative}}"		Polish Initiative	2
Yes! For Poland}}"		Yes! For Poland	2
AGROunia}}"		AGROunia	1
Independent politician}}"		Independent	13
Total seats	157
Poland 2050}}"		Poland 2050	Paweł Śliz	Poland 2050}}"	Poland 2050
Polish People's Party}}"		Polish People's Party	Piotr Zgorzelski	Polish People's Party}}"	Polish People's Party
Centre for Poland}}"		Centre for Poland	3
Independent politician}}"		Independent	1
Total seats	32
The Left (Poland)}}"		The Left	Anna Maria Żukowska	New Left (Poland)}}"	New Left
Independent politician}}"		Independent	3
Total seats	21
Confederation Liberty and Independence}}"		Confederation	Grzegorz Płaczek	New Hope (Poland)}}"	New Hope
National Movement (Poland)}}"		National Movement	7
Independent politician}}"		Independent	1
Total seats	16
Left Together}}"		Left Together	Marcelina Zawisza	Left Together}}"	Left Together
Free Republicans}}"		Free Republicans	Marek Jakubiak	Kukiz'15}}"	Kukiz'15
	Freedom and Prosperity	1
Total seats	4
Confederation of the Polish Crown}}"		Confederation of the Polish Crown	Włodzimierz Skalik	Confederation of the Polish Crown}}"	Confederation of the Polish Crown
Independent politician}}"		Independent	—	Independent politician}}"	Independent
Total	460

Senate

Club	Leader	Parties	Seats	Status
Civic Coalition (Poland)}}"		Civic Coalition	Tomasz Grodzki	Civic Platform}}"	Civic Platform
Yes! For Poland}}"		Yes! For Poland	1
Independent politician}}"		Independent	5
Total seats	42
Law and Justice}}"		Law and Justice	Stanisław Karczewski	Law and Justice}}"	Law and Justice
Independent politician}}"		Independent	4
Total seats	34
Third Way (Poland)}}"		Third Way	Waldemar Pawlak	Poland 2050}}"	Poland 2050
Polish People's Party}}"		Polish People's Party	4
Centre for Poland}}"		Centre for Poland	1
Union of European Democrats}}"		Union of European Democrats	1
Independent politician}}"		Independent	1
Total seats	12
The Left (Poland)}}"		The Left	Maciej Kopiec	New Left (Poland)}}"	New Left
Labour Union (Poland)}}"		Labour Union	1
Polish Socialist Party}}"		Polish Socialist Party	1
Independent politician}}"		Independent	2
Total seats	8
New Poland}}"		New Poland	Zygmunt Frankiewicz	New Poland}}"	New Poland
Independent politician}}"		Independent	—	Independent politician}}"	Independent
Total	100

Notes

References

"REGULAMIN SEJMU RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ".
"REGULAMIN SENATU RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ POLSKIEJ".
Constitution of the Republic of Poland, Article 114
Article 131(2)(4)
Article 145(2)
Article 114
Article 130
Article 140
"Kluby i koła".

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