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Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam

Indian Army general (1913–2000)

Indian Army general (1913–2000)

FieldValue
honorific-prefixGeneral
nameP P Kumaramangalam
honorific-suffix
imageFile:General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumramangalam.jpg
width200px
office6th Chief of the Army Staff
presidentZakir Husain
V. V. Giri
primeministerIndira Gandhi
term_start8 June 1966
term_end7 June 1969
predecessorGeneral Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri
successorField Marshal S.H.F.J. Manekshaw
birth_nameParamasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam
birth_date
death_date
birth_placeKumaramangalam,
Salem District,
Madras Presidency,
British India
(now Namakkal district,
Tamil Nadu, India)
death_placeChennai, Tamil Nadu, India
resting_placeChennai, Tamil Nadu, India
module{{Infobox military personembed=yes
allegianceBritish India (1933–1947)
India (after 1947)
branch
serviceyears1933–1969
rank[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg20px]] General
servicenumberIA-1282
unitRegiment of Artillery
commands[[File:IA Eastern Command.jpg20px]]Eastern Army
battlesWorld War II
Indo-Pakistani War of 1947
Sino-Indian War
Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
Second Sino-Indian War
awards[[File:Padma Vibhushan Ribbon.svg23px]] Padma Vibhushan
[[File:Dso-ribbon.svg23px]] Distinguished Service Order
[[File:Order of the British Empire (Military) Ribbon.svg23px]] Member of the Order of the British Empire
relationsP. Subbarayan (Father)
Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother)
Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother's Grandson)

| honorific-prefix = General | honorific-suffix = V. V. Giri Salem District, Madras Presidency, British India (now Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India) India (after 1947)

Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 Sino-Indian War Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Second Sino-Indian War Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother) Rangarajan Mohan Kumaramangalam (Brother's Grandson)

General Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam (1 July 1913 – 13 March 2000) was a senior Indian Army officer, serving as Chief of the Army Staff between 1966 and 1969. He was the last King's Commissioned Indian Officer (KCIO) to lead the Indian Army.

Early life and education

Kumaramangalam was born to P. Subbarayan, who served as Chief Minister of the Madras Presidency between 1926 and 1930, and was a member of the zamindari family of Kumaramangalam from Thiruchengode Taluk, Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu.

He was educated at the preparatory St Hugh's School (then in Kent), and at Eton College. He then studied at the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, and was commissioned into the British Indian Army as an unattached second lieutenant in 1933. He was appointed to the British Indian Army on 12 November 1934.

Military life

World War II

During World War II, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) as a temporary major for action in Libya on 27 May 1942 at Point 171, south of Bir Hakiem commanding the 7th Field Battery, 2nd Field Regiment, Indian Artillery.

The citation recommending Kumaramangalam for a Distinguished Service Order runs as follows:

4 June 1942 Captain (Ty. Major) PARAMASIVA PRABHAKAR KUMARAMANGALAM (IA 1282), 2nd Indian Field Regiment, [3rd Indian Motor Brigade](3rd-indian-motor-brigade) For great courage and devotion to duty. On 27 May 1942 during the action which took place 3 miles S.E. of BIR HACHEIM, Major Kumaramangalam showed great bravery in controlling the fire of his battery under heavy enemy fire. He continually encouraged the gun detachments, and by his cool demeanour in the face of machine gun and anti-tank fire from enemy tanks undoubtedly inspired his men with the confidence with which they withstood the final tank attack. When one of his troops was over run and captured, he acquired an armoured car left at the position and tried to drive the Italian tanks away which were encircling it. Subsequently he led a patrol back to the position and recovered three guns.

He was taken Prisoner of War (PoW) by the Italians later in 1942 and held in a PoW camp in Italy. With the Italian Armistice in September 1943 he escaped on 19 November; however, he was captured again in January 1944 and imprisoned, this time in Germany, where he was transferred to Stalag Luft III, a high security camp for PoWs. At the end of the war in 1945, he returned to India.

Postwar

On 18 April 1946, Kumaramangalam was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). He became an acting Brigadier in 1948, with the substantive rank of lieutenant-colonel, and was promoted to the substantive rank of colonel on 2 February 1951. As a brigadier, he was appointed to command a paratroop brigade on 14 February 1955, and was given command of an infantry division on 9 September 1956, with the acting rank of major-general.

Kumaramangalam was promoted to substantive major-general on 1 August 1958, and appointed the Commandant of the Defence Services Staff College on 25 February 1959. He was appointed Adjutant-General on 5 October 1959, with the acting rank of lieutenant-general. Promoted lieutenant-general on 8 May 1961, he took over as General Officer Commanding, Eastern Command on 1 May 1963, with appointment as GOC-in-C, Eastern Command on 4 April 1964. On 16 November 1964 he was appointed Deputy Chief of the Army Staff followed by appointment as Vice Chief of the Army Staff on 15 January 1965. General Kumaramangalam took over as the Chief of the Army Staff on 8 June 1966, the first Indian gunner officer and paratrooper to reach this coveted appointment. The tenure of General Kumaramangalam as Chief of the Army Staff was marked by an unpublicised but exhaustive re-organisation of the service, up-gradation of weapons, training and tactics based on the lessons learned from the 1965 War. He served in the Indian Army with distinction for 36 years until his retirement on 7 June 1969. He received the Padma Vibushan in 1970.

Views on America

General Kumaramangalam trained at the artillery school in Fort Sill, Oklahoma. From his letters it is evident he was not very impressed with the Americans. He saw them as suffering from an "aggressive inferiority complex" and cautioned a newly independent India against coming under American influence. The following is an excerpt from a letter written by him to C. Rajagopalachari in 1947:

: "This country is not one that I will ever get fond of. I have not got a very high opinion of them. The people that I have to deal with are very kind, hospitable and have been very good to the two of us. But somehow I feel there is a trace of artificiality in that and also it is the result of trying to impress one. They I think are very jealous of the old world and its background and culture and this results in an aggressive inferiority complex. As for their state of morality, there is none. People seem to delight in trying to outwit each other by any means, mainly crooked. The politicians are racketeers and big business has a tight grip on everything in the country. The small country trader and the farmer I think have their hands securely tied by the big men. I do hope that our country proceeds with caution and doesn't get entirely under the influence of the States."

Other interests

He was also a polo player, horseman, show jumper, and cricketer. He was a member of the Marylebone Cricket Club, a fellow of the Royal Horticultural Society, and president of Indian Polo Association and Equestrian Federation of India. On retirement as army chief, he was elected President of the World Wildlife Fund - India (WWF-India) during its formative stages.

Death

He died following a heart attack on 13 March 2000.

Awards and decorations

Distinguished Service OrderMember of the Order of the British Empire1939–1945 StarAfrica StarWar Medal 1939–1945

Dates of rank

InsigniaRankComponentDate of rank
[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1a.svg25px]]Second LieutenantBritish Indian Army31 August 1933
[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-1b.svg25px]]LieutenantBritish Indian Army2 May 1935.
[[File:British Army (1920–1953) OF-2.svg25px]]CaptainBritish Indian Armypages=187title=Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)publisher=Government of India Pressyear=1945}}
2 February 1941 (substantive)
[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg25px]]MajorBritish Indian Army1942 (temporary)
1 July 1946 (substantive)
[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-3.svg25px]]MajorIndian ArmyDominion]] within the British Commonwealth of Nations. As a result, the rank insignia of the British Army, incorporating the Tudor Crown and four-pointed Bath Star ("pip"), was retained, as George VI remained Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces. After 26 January 1950, when India became a republic, the President of India became Commander-in-Chief, and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown, with a five-pointed star being substituted for the "pip."
[[File:British Army (1928-1953) OF-6.svg25px]]BrigadierIndian Army1948 (acting)
[[File:British_Army_(1920-1953)_OF-4.svg25px]]Lieutenant-ColonelIndian Army1948
[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]Lieutenant-ColonelIndian Armytitle=New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Servicesurl=http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdfwebsite=Press Information Bureau of India - Archiveurl-status=livearchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808193914/http://pib.nic.in/archive/docs/DVD_38/ACC%20NO%20807-BR/HOM-1950-01-06_484.pdfarchive-date=8 August 2017df=dmy-all}}
[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]ColonelIndian Army2 February 1951
[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]BrigadierIndian Army1955
[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]Major GeneralIndian Army9 September 1956 (acting)
1 August 1958 (substantive)
[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]Lieutenant-GeneralIndian Army5 October 1959 (acting)
8 May 1961 (substantive)
[[File:General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg25px]]General
(COAS)Indian Army8 June 1966

Notes

References

References

  1. {{London Gazette. (1 September 1933)
  2. {{London Gazette. (1 February 1935)
  3. "Page 3543 {{!}} Issue 35665, 11 August 1942 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette".
  4. "Recommendation for Award for Kumaramangalam, Paramasiva Prabhakar". UK Government.
  5. (20 November 1943). "Major Kumaramangalam Escapes". [[The Indian Express]].
  6. {{London Gazette. (16 April 1946)
  7. (24 March 1951). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  8. (9 April 1955). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  9. (5 January 1957). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  10. (24 October 1959). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  11. (9 May 1959). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  12. (21 November 1959). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  13. (16 September 1961). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  14. (2 May 1964). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  15. (19 December 1964). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  16. (6 February 1965). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  17. (25 June 1966). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
  18. P.P. Kumaramangalam to C. Rajagopalachari, 22 December 1947, in File 82, Fifth Installment, C. Rajagopalachari Papers, NMML.
  19. (17 April 2012). "List of Chief of Army staff of the Indian army".
  20. {{London Gazette. (21 June 1935)
  21. (1945). "Indian Army List for October 1945 (Part I)". Government of India Press.
  22. {{London Gazette. (16 May 1941)
  23. {{London Gazette. (12 September 1947)
  24. "New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services".
  25. (11 February 1950). "Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch)". The Gazette of India.
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