Palate

Structure

Innervation

The maxillary nerve branch of the trigeminal nerve supplies sensory innervation to the palate.

Development

The hard palate forms before birth.

Variation

If the fusion is incomplete, a cleft palate results.

Function in humans

When functioning in conjunction with other parts of the mouth, the palate produces certain sounds, particularly velar, palatal, palatalized, postalveolar, alveolopalatal, and uvular consonants.

Evolution

Early synapsids lacked the secondary palate separating the mouth and nasal cavities, with this feature evolving in cynodonts and retained by mammals. Ancestrally in tetrapods, the roof of the mouth has patches of teeth (palatal dentition). These teeth are retained in living lepidosaurian reptiles and modern amphibians and were present in early synapsids and therapsids, but were lost in cynodonts and their mammalian descendants.

History

Etymology

The English synonyms palate and palatum, and also the related adjective palatine (as in palatine bone), are all from the Latin palatum via Old French palat, words that like their English derivatives, refer to the "roof" of the mouth.

The Latin word palatum is of unknown (possibly Etruscan) ultimate origin and served also as a source to the Latin word meaning palace, palatium, from which other senses of palatine and the English word palace derive, and not the other way round.

As the roof of the mouth was once considered the seat of the sense of taste, palate can also refer to this sense itself, as in the phrase "a discriminating palate". By further extension, the flavor of a food (particularly beer or wine) may be called its palate, as when a wine is said to have an oaky palate.

References

Bibliography

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References

1. Norton, Luke A.. (2023-07-03). "Craniodental anatomy in Permian–Jurassic Cynodontia and Mammaliaformes (Synapsida, Therapsida) as a gateway to defining mammalian soft tissue and behavioural traits". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
2. Matsumoto, Ryoko. (January 2017). "The palatal dentition of tetrapods and its functional significance". Journal of Anatomy.
3. Harper, Douglas. "palate (the entry for)". Online Etymology Dictionary.
4. Harper, Douglas. "palatine (the entry for)". Online Etymology Dictionary.