Painted parakeet

Taxonomy

The painted parakeet was described in 1776 as Psittacus pictus by the German zoologist Philipp Statius Müller. Müller gave the locality as Cayenne, now French Guiana. Müller cited "Buffon" as the source of his information on the parakeet. Although the Comte de Buffon published a description of the "La perriche à gorge variée" in his Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, this was in 1779, after Müller's publication. Instead, Müller had access to the Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle, a set of hand-coloured plates engraved by François-Nicolas Martinet that were produced to accompany Buffon's work. Before Buffon, the painted parakeet had been described in 1648 as the "Anaca" by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave and in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson as "La petite perruche brune du Brésil". The specific epithet pictus is from Latin meaning "painted". The painted parakeet is placed in the genus Pyrrhura that was introduced in 1856 by the French naturalist Charles Lucien Bonaparte. The species is considered to be monotypic with no subspecies being recognised.

The painted parakeet is a member a group of closely related taxa in the genus Pyrrhura for which there was much uncertainty in the number of taxa and the relationships between them. The 1997 entry for the painted parakeet in the Handbook of the Birds of the World lists nine subspecies. Of these, six are now treated as separate species, and two have been synonymized with other taxa. and pantchenkoi has been synonymized with caeruleiceps.}} Most of the uncertainty with the taxonomy was resolved by a comprehensive molecular genetic study of the parrots by Brian Smith and collaborators that was published in 2023.

Description

The painted parakeet is 20 to long; the nominate subspecies weighs 46 to. The sexes are the same in all subspecies. Adults of the nominate subspecies are blue from their forehead to their hindcrown that becomes deep maroon on the hindcrown and nape. They have a narrow blue collar below the nape. Their face is maroon with a ring of bare grayish skin around the eye, and their ear coverts are whitish. Their upperparts are mostly green with a dull red lower back and rump. The sides of their neck and their breast are buff with a reddish brown scalloped appearance. The center of their belly is dull red and the rest of their underparts are green. Their wing is mostly green with a red carpal area and blue primaries. Their tail is mostly maroon with a green base. Their iris is dark. Immatures are similar to adults but without the red carpal and with a whitish eye ring.

The Perija parakeet resembles the painted parakeet but with a blue forecrown that becomes brown with a blue tinge on the hindcrown, a pale iris, pale gray-brown ear coverts, a dark red belly patch, and a maroon-red tail. The Subandean parakeet differs from the painted parakeet with a dull blue and red forehead, a bright maroon-red face, a buff and gray scalloped breast, a green carpal area (sometimes with a few red feathers), and a deep red tail.

Distribution and habitat

The painted parakeet is found from southeastern Venezuela to the Guianas and northern Amazonian Brazil. It inhabits terra firme and várzea forests, forested savanna, and coastal sand-ridge forest. In elevation it mostly occurs in the lowlands but is found as high as 1800 m.

Behavior

Movement

No movement pattern is known for the painted parakeet, but eisenmanni may make some small elevational changes.

Feeding

The painted parakeet feeds on fruits, seeds, and flowers of a very wide variety of plants and trees. It typically forages in flocks of up to about 30 individuals.

Breeding

The painted parakeet's breeding biology is almost unknown. The nominate subspecies breeds between December and February in the Guianas; its season has not been defined elsewhere. It nests in tree cavities, and its clutch size in captivity is four or five eggs. Subspecies P. p. caeruleiceps apparently breeds between March and September but this span possibly has two peak periods. P. p. eisenmanni apparently breeds between January and March and P. p. subandina between March and June.

Vocalization

The vocalizations of the painted parakeet vary somewhat by subspecies. The nominate's most common call is "a series of rather high-pitched, somewhat yelping notes, e.g. "kyeek kyeek kyeek" " that is given both from a perch and in flight. Perched birds also give "a more rolling "kurrek" and a subdued "kek"." However, perched birds are often silent. Flocks in flight "call frequently and simultaneously, producing a noisy, harsh and piercing chattering." Subspecies P. p. caeruleiceps makes a "series of "kurr, kurr, kurr, kurr" or "kirr, kirr, kirr, kirr" notes" when perched. The calls of P. p. eisenmanni are similar to those of the nominate but it adds "a harsh, guttural "kleek-kleek" when perched". The vocalizations of P. p. subandina have not been put into words.

Status

The IUCN follows HBW taxonomy and so has separately assessed the four subspecies of painted parakeet. The nominate subspecies is considered to be of Least Concern. It has a rather large range but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified. The "Perija" parakeet (P. p. caeruleiceps) is Endangered. It has a limited range and its estimated population of between 1000 and 2500 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. About 70% of its original habitat has been cleared for cattle ranching and agriculture and what remains is highly fragmented. Capture for the pet trade is also believed to be a significant threat. The "Sinu" parakeet (P. p. subandina) is Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct). There have been no documented sightings since 1949. It has a very small range and almost all of its suitable habitat has been cleared. It is thought that no more than 50 mature individuals remain if indeed it has not gone extinct. The "Azuero" parakeet (P. p. eisenmanni) was originally assessed as endangered and since 2021 as Vulnerable. It has a restricted range and its estimated population of fewer than 6000 mature individuals is believed to be decreasing. "The species is threatened by habitat loss for conversion to agricultural areas." It does occur in the largely intact Cerro Hoya National Park.

Notes

References

References

1. BirdLife International. (2022). "Painted Parakeet ''Pyrrhura picta''".
2. "Appendices {{!}} CITES".
3. Statius Müller, Philipp Ludwig. (1776). "Des Ritters Carl von Linné Königlich Schwedischen Lelbarztes uc. uc. vollständigen Natursystems Supplements und Register-Band über alle sechs Theile oder Classen des Thierreichs mit einer ausführlichen Erklärung ausgefertiget". Gabriel Nicolaus Raspe.
4. (1937). "Check-List of Birds of the World". Harvard University Press.
5. Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc de. (1779). "Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux". De l'Imprimerie Royale.
6. (1765–1783). "Planches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle". De L'Imprimerie Royale.
7. (2024). "The significance of Buffon and Guéneau de Montbeillard's Histoire naturelle des oiseaux ([1765]-1783) in the taxonomy of birds: General presentation and correspondence between Buffon's “eagles” and the species acknowledged by Linnaeus (1758, 1766), Brisson (1759-1762), and Gmelin (1788-1789)". Zoosystema.
8. Marcgrave, Georg. (1648). "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus". Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium.
9. Brisson, Mathurin Jacques. (1760). "Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés". Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
10. Salvadori, Tommaso. (1891). "Catalogue of the Psittaci, or Parrots, in the collection of the British Museum". British Museum.
11. Jobling, James A.. "pictus". Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
12. AviList Core Team. (2025). "AviList: The Global Avian Checklist, v2025".
13. Collar, N.J.. (1997). "Handbook of the Birds of the World". Lynx Edicions.
14. Joseph, L.. (2002). "Geographic variation, taxonomy and distribution of some Amazonian ''Pyrrhura'' parakeets". Ornitologia Neotropical.
15. Joseph, L.. (2000). "Beginning an end to 63 years of uncertainty: the Neotropical parakeets ''Pyrrhura picta'' and ''P. leucotis'' comprise more than two species". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
16. (2023). "Phylogenomic analysis of the parrots of the world distinguishes artifactual from biological sources of gene tree discordance". Systematic Biology.
17. (2024). "Revised evolutionary and taxonomic synthesis for parrots (Order: Psittaciformes) guided by phylogenomic analysis". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.
18. Collar, N., J. del Hoyo, P. F. D. Boesman, G. M. Kirwan, and C. J. Sharpe (2025). Painted Parakeet (''Pyrrhura picta''), version 1.1. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.paipar2.01.1 retrieved March 10, 2023
19. van Perlo, Ber. (2009). "A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil". Oxford University Press.
20. Juniper, T., & M. Parr (1998). ''A Guide to the Parrots of the World'' Pica Press, East Sussex. {{ISBN. 1-873403-40-2
21. Wilson, V. (2010). ''[http://www.xenornis.com/2010/06/azuero-parakeet-in-rio-playita-veraguas.html Azuero Parakeet in Rio Playita, Veraguas.]'' Xenornis.com. Accessed 2010-06-26.
22. es ''Primeras fotos publicadas de dos aves raras.''] ProAves Colombia. Accessed 2008-10-27.
23. BirdLife International. (2021). "Perija Parakeet ''Pyrrhura caeruleiceps''".
24. BirdLife International. (2021). "Sinu Parakeet ''Pyrrhura subandina''".
25. BirdLife International. (2022). "Azuero Parakeet ''Pyrrhura eisenmanni''".