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Orders of magnitude (pressure)

Comparison of a wide range of pressures

Note

This article is about static pressure. For sound pressure see [Sound pressure#Examples of sound pressure and sound pressure levels

This is a tabulated listing of the [orders of magnitude in relation to pressure expressed in pascals. psi values, prefixed with + and -, denote values relative to Earth's sea level standard atmospheric pressure (psig); otherwise, psia is assumed.

Magnitude	Pressure	lbf/in2 or dB	Item
10−17 Pa	10 aPa		Pressure in outer space in intergalactic voids
10−15 Pa	1–10 fPa		Pressure in outer space between stars in the Milky Way
10−12 Pa			volume = 14	issue = 1	pages = 643–645	last = Thompson	first = W.	title = Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber	journal = Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology	year = 1977	doi = 10.1116/1.569168	bibcode = 1977JVST...14..643T }}
10−11 Pa
40 pPa		title=Lunar sourcebook	chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku0000unse	chapter-url-access=registration	year=1991	publisher=Cambridge University Press	isbn=978-0-521-33444-0	chapter=The lunar environment	quote=The undisturbed gas concentration is only about 2x10^5 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar night, falling to perhaps 10^4 molecules/cm^3 during the lunar day.	url-access=registration	url=https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku0000unse}} very approximately ()
10−10 Pa			Extreme-high vacuum
100 pPa		Atmosphere of Mercury, very approximately ()
300 pPa		3	e=-10	u=Pa}})
10−9 Pa			Vacuum expected in the beam pipe of the Large Hadron Collider's ATLAS experiment (operates at a pressure of 1 nPa to 10 nPa)
~1 nPa		Approximate solar wind pressure at Earth's distance from the Sun (variable)
10−8 Pa	10 nPa		Pressure inside a vacuum chamber for laser cooling of atoms (magneto-optical trap)
10–700 nPa		Atmospheric pressure in low Earth orbit, around 500 km altitude
	10−7 Pa	100 nPa		author=American Vacuum Society	title=Glossary	website=AVS Reference Guide	url=http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html#v	access-date=2011-12-28	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060304160701/http://www.aip.org/avsguide/refguide/glossary.html#v	archive-date=2006-03-04 }}
10−6 Pa	0.1 - 10 μPa		Pressure inside a cathode-ray tube (approximate)
1 μPa		Reference pressure for sound in water
1 μPa		Pressure inside a vacuum tube (very approximate)
10−5 Pa	10 μPa		Radiation pressure of sunlight on a perfectly reflecting surface at the distance of the Earth.
20 μPa	0 dB	title=Appendix I:A-3. Sound Propagation	url=https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/soundpropagation.html	website=Noise and Hearing Conservation Technical Manual Chapter	publisher=OSHA	access-date=11 November 2011	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118004912/http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/noise/health_effects/soundpropagation.html	archive-date=18 November 2011	df=dmy-all}}
±20 μPa	0 dB	Threshold of human hearing
10−4 Pa
10−3 Pa	1–100 mPa		Vacuum pressures used for molecular distillation
10−2 Pa
10−1 Pa	100 mPa		Upper limit of high vacuum
~200 mPa		Atmospheric pressure on Pluto (1988 figure; very roughly)
737.4 mPa		Pressure exerted by a single Letter-sized 20-lb sheet of paper laid flat.
1 Pa	1 Pa		Pressure exerted by a US dollar bill resting flat on a surface pressure = (1e-3 g * 9.8 N/g) / (1e-2 m^2) ~= 1 Pa --
1 Pa		Upper limit of molecular distillation, where the mean free path of molecules is larger than the equipment size
10 Pa	10 Pa		title=Pressure	url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/pressure-d_587.html	publisher=Engineering Toolbox	access-date=2 January 2012	quote=10 kPa - the pressure below 1 m of water}}
10 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a gentle breeze (~9 mph)
86 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. penny lying flat
102 Pa	100 Pa		Pressure due to direct impact of a strong breeze (~28 mph)
120 Pa		Pressure from the weight of a U.S. quarter lying flat
133 Pa		1 torr ≈ 1 mmHg
±200 Pa	~140 dB	Threshold of pain pressure level for sound where prolonged exposure may lead to hearing loss
±300 Pa	±0.043 psi	Lung air pressure difference moving the normal breaths of a person (only 0.3% of standard atmospheric pressure)
400–900 Pa	0.06–0.13 psi	Atmospheric pressure on Mars,
610 Pa	0.089 psi	Partial vapor pressure at the triple point of water (611.657 Pa)
103 Pa	1–10 kPa		Typical explosion peak overpressure needed to break glass windows (approximate)
2 kPa		1=Episode 124: Car vs. Rain}}. mythbustersfanclub.com. June 17, 2009
2.6 kPa	0.38 psi	Pressure at which water boils at room temperature (22 °C) (20 mmHg)
5 kPa	0.8 psi	Blood pressure fluctuation (40 mmHg) between heartbeats for a typical healthy adult
6.3 kPa	0.9 psi	Pressure where water boils at normal human body temperature (37 °C), the pressure below which humans absolutely cannot survive (Armstrong limit)
+9.8 kPa	+1.4 psi	Lung pressure that a typical person can exert (74 mmHg)
104 Pa	10 kPa	1.5 psi	Pressure increase per meter of a water column
10 kPa	1.5 psi	Decrease in air pressure when going from Earth sea level to 1000 m elevation
+13 kPa	+1.9 psi	High air pressure for human lung, measured for trumpet player making staccato high notes
	+2.3 psi	title=Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults	url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/detect/categ.htm	publisher=NIH	access-date=2 January 2012	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704193122/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/hbp/detect/categ.htm	archive-date=4 July 2014}}
+19.3 kPa	+2.8 psi	High end of lung pressure, exertable without injury by a healthy person for brief times
+34 kPa	+5 psi	last1=Zipf, Jr	first1=R. Karl	last2=Cashdollar	first2=Kenneth	title=Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body	url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/NIOSH-125/125-ExplosionsandRefugeChambers.pdf	access-date=3 January 2012}}
34 kPa		Atmospheric pressure at the summit of Mount Everest
+70 kPa	+10 psi	Pressure for paint exiting an HVLP (low-pressure) paint spray gun
70 kPa		Pressure inside an incandescent light bulb
75 kPa		Minimum airplane cabin pressure and lowest pressure for normal breathing (at 2440 m) and also the limit stated by the Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR)
80 kPa	12 psi	Pressure inside vacuum cleaner at sea level on Earth (80% of standard atmospheric pressure)
87 kPa	13 psi	Record low atmospheric pressure for typhoon/hurricane (Typhoon Tip in 1979) (only 86% of standard atmospheric pressure)
105 Pa	100 kPa	15 psi	1 bar (14.5 psi), approximately equal to the weight of one kilogram (1 kilopond) acting on one square centimeter
101.325 kPa	15 psi	Standard atmospheric pressure for Earth sea level (14.7 psi)
150 to 550 kPa	25 to 80 psi	Impact pressure of a fist punch (approximate)
+180 to +250 kPa	+26 to +36 psi	Air pressure in an automobile tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
+210 to +900 kPa	+30 to +130 psi	Air pressure in a bicycle tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
50 psi	50 psi	title=Frequently Asked Questions	url=http://www.generac.com/PowerWashers/Frequently_Asked_Questions/	website=Power Washers	publisher=Generac Power Systems	access-date=9 January 2012	quote=A typical garden hose dispenses water at about 50 PSI, and a coin-operated car wash provides about 700 PSI.	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107103524/http://www.generac.com/PowerWashers/Frequently_Asked_Questions/	archive-date=7 January 2012	df=dmy-all}}
300 to 700 kPa	50–100 psi	Typical water pressure of a municipal water supply in the US
358 to 524 kPa	52-76 psi	Threshold of pain for objects outside the human body hitting it
400 to 600 kPa	60–90 psi	Carbon dioxide pressure in a champagne bottle
5.2 bar	5.2 bar	Partial vapour pressure at the triple point of carbon dioxide
+690 to +830 kPa	+100 to +120 psi	Air pressure in a heavy truck/bus tire relative to atmosphere (gauge pressure)
800 kPa	800 kPa	Vapor pressure of water in a kernel of popcorn when the kernel ruptures
106 Pa	0.8–2 MPa	120–290 psi	Pressure used in boilers of steam locomotives
162 psi	162 psi	Pressure of an average human bite
2.8–8.3 MPa	400–1,200 psi	Pressure of carbon dioxide propellant in a paintball gun
700 psi	700 psi	Water pressure of the output of a coin-operated car wash spray nozzle
5 MPa	700 psi	Military submarine max. rated pressure (est.) of nuclear submarine, at depth of 500 m
10-21 MPa	1,500–3,000 psi	Chamber pressure of a high-powered (non-carbon dioxide) air gun
6.9–27 MPa	1,000–4,000 psi	Water spray pressure used by pressure washers
9.2 MPa	1,300 psi	Atmosphere of Venus
107 Pa	10 MPa	1,500 psi	Pressure exerted by a 45 kg person wearing stiletto heels when a heel hits the floor
15.5 MPa	2,250 psi	Primary coolant loop of a pressurized water reactor
20 MPa	2,900 psi	Typical pressure used for hydrogenolysis reactions
21 MPa	3,000 psi	Pressure of a typical aluminium scuba tank of pressurized air (210 bar)
21 MPa	3,000 psi	Ballistic pressure exerted as high-power bullet strikes a solid bulletproof object
22 MPa	3,200 psi	Critical pressure of water
28 MPa	4,100 psi	Overpressure caused by the bomb explosion during the Oklahoma City bombing
40 MPa	5,800 psi	Water pressure at the depth of the wreck of the Titanic
69 MPa	10,000 psi	Water pressure withstood by the in visiting ocean depths of 6500 meters
70 to 280 MPa	10,000 to 40,000 psi	Maximal chamber pressure during a pistol firing
108 Pa	110 MPa	16,000 psi	Pressure at bottom of Mariana Trench, about 11 km below ocean surface (1100 bar)
100 to 300 MPa	100 to	Pressure inside reactor for the synthesis of high-pressure polyethylene (HPPE)
250 MPa	36,000 psi	Record diesel engine common rail fuel system pressure
400 MPa	400 MPa	Chamber pressure of late 1910s .50 Browning machine gun discharge
35000 -	35,000–90,000 psi	Water pressure used in a water jet cutter
109 Pa	1 GPa		Extremely high-pressure chemical reactors (10 kbar)
1.5 GPa		Diamond melts using a 3 kJ laser without turning into graphite first
1.5 GPa	1.5 GPa	tensile strength of Inconel 625 according to Aircraft metal strength tables and the Mil-Hdbk-5{{cite web	url= http://asm.matweb.com/search/SpecificMaterial.asp?bassnum=NINC33	website= Online Materials Information Resource }}
5.8 GPa	5.8 GPa	Ultimate tensile strength of the polymer Zylon
1010 Pa	10 GPa		Pressure at which octaoxygen forms at room temperature (100,000 bar)
18 GPa		Pressure needed for the first commercially successful synthesis of diamond
24 to 110 GPa		Stability range of enstatite in its perovskite-structured polymorph, possibly the most common mineral inside the Earth
40 GPa		Quantum-mechanical electron degeneracy pressure in a block of copper
48 GPa		Detonation pressure of pure CL-20, the most powerful high explosive in mass production
10000000 psi	10,000,000 psi	Highest water jet pressure attained in research lab
96 GPa		Pressure at which metallic oxygen forms (960,000 bar)
1011 Pa	100 GPa		Theoretical tensile strength of a carbon nanotube (CNT)
130 GPa		last1 = Lee	first1 = C.	last2 = Wei	first2 = X.	last3 = Kysar	first3 = J. W.	last4 = Hone	first4 = J.	title = Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene	doi = 10.1126/science.1157996	journal = Science	volume = 321	issue = 5887	pages = 385–388	year = 2008	pmid = 18635798	url = http://www.physics.purdue.edu/quantum/files/CarbonNano/Elastic-porperty_Changgu.pdf	bibcode = 2008Sci...321..385L	s2cid = 206512830 }}
360 GPa		Pressure inside Earth's inner core (3.64 million bar)
495 GPa		Lower bound at which metallic hydrogen theoretically forms
600 GPa		Pressure attainable with a diamond anvil cell
1012 Pa	5 TPa		Pressure generated by the National Ignition Facility fusion reactor
1013 Pa	10 TPa		solid matter changes to the metastable inner-shell molecular state
32.9 TPa		Pressure at which metallic helium theoretically forms
1014 Pa	100 TPa		Pressure generated by the extremely high-pressure laser implosion plasmas generator.
208.4 TPa		Pressure at which metallic neon theoretically forms (the highest metallization pressure for any element)
540 TPa		title=4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design	url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Nwfaq/Nfaq4-4.html#Nfaq4.4.3.3	website=Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions	access-date=3 January 2012	quote=Mike... Ivy... radiation pressures are 73 and 1400 megabars ... respectively ... Mike ... 5.3 x 10^9 bars ... Ivy ... 6.4 x 10^10 bars}}
	1015 Pa	6.5 PPa		Pressure inside a W80 nuclear warhead detonation (64 billion bar)
1016 Pa	25 PPa		Pressure inside Sun's core (250 billion bar){{cite web
1023 Pa	100 EPa - 100 YPa		Pressure inside the core of a white dwarf at the Chandrasekhar limit{{Cite journal
1032 Pa	3.2-160 QPa		Pressure range inside a neutron star
1035 Pa			Approximate pressure at the center of a proton
...	...	...	...
10113 Pa			The Planck pressure ()

References

Li, Yulin. "The ins and out of man-made and natural vacuums". Cornell Center for Materials Research.
Calculated: 10⁻¹⁹ torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10⁻¹⁷ Pa
Calculated: 10⁻¹⁷ torr × 133 Pa/torr = 10⁻¹⁵ Pa
Thompson, W.. (1977). "Characteristics of a cryogenic extreme high-vacuum chamber". Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology.
(1991). "Lunar sourcebook". Cambridge University Press.
(14 November 2006). "Extreme High Vacuum: The Need, Production and Measurement". Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (Jefferson Lab).
"Mercury Fact Sheet". NASA.
"Moon Fact Sheet".
(28 July 2008). "Bringing the vacuum to its lowest value". CERN.
(14 December 2018). "The Main CERN Vacuum Systems Explained".
"Explanation of Solar Wind Dials". NASA.
(2010). "Rubidium-85 tunable-interaction Bose–Einstein condensate machine". Review of Scientific Instruments.
(2007). "Low Earth Orbit Spacecraft Charging Design Handbook". NASA.
1.3. 5. 6.7
American Vacuum Society. "Glossary".
Calculated unit conversion: 1e-9 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 1.33e-7 Pa
Topic 7. The Cathode-Ray Tube. aw.com. 2003-08-01
Jump up ^ repairfaq.org – Sam's Laser FAQ – Vacuum Technology for Home-Built Gas Lasers. repairfaq.org. 2012-08-02
"Terminology". SURTASS LFA EIS.
G. Vulpetti, L. Johnson, G. L. Matloff, Solar Sails: A Novel Approach to Interplanetary Flight, Springer, August 2008
"Appendix I:A-3. Sound Propagation". OSHA.
(1995). "Thermal separation processes: principles and design". Wiley.
Calculated unit conversion: 1e-3 torr * 101325/760 Pa/torr = 0.133 Pa
"Pluto expanding atmosphere". Observatoire de Paris, LESIA.
Bala Maheswaran. "Fluid".
"Pressure". Engineering Toolbox.
Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 9 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 4.02 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (4.0 m/s)^2 = 10.1 Pa.
"Get an intuition for pressure values". Stack Exchange.
"Beaufort Scales (Wind Speed)". University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
"Wind speed and wind pressure". KNMI HYDRA Project.
Exact calculation: P = 1/2 * density of air * (wind speed)^2. wind speed = 28.3 mph * 0.447 (m/s)/mph = 12.7 m/s. P = 1/2 * (1.25 kg/m^3) * (12.7 m/s)^2 = 101 Pa.
"Coin specifications". United States Mint.
Calculated: pressure = mass * g / (pi * diameter^2 / 4) = (5.670e-3 kg) * (9.807 m/s^2) / (3.142 * (19.05e-3 m)^2 / 4) = 120.3 Pa
"The lung as a low-pressure air pump".
Calculated: 3 cm H2O * 98.0 Pa/cm H2O = 294 Pa = 3e2 Pa
"Mars Fact Sheet". NASA.
[https://www.nist.gov/srd/upload/jpcrd477.pdf International Equations for the Pressure along the Melting and along the Sublimation Curve of Ordinary Water Substance] W. Wagner, A. Saul and A. Pruss (1994), J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, '''23''', 515.
(2005). "Review of the vapour pressures of ice and supercooled water for atmospheric applications". Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society.
(2005). "Lee's loss prevention in the process industries: hazard identification, assessment, and control, Volume 1". Elsevier.
{{usurped
"Transcript". Livedash.
"Vapor Pressure of Water". Fordham Preparatory School.
Calculated as the difference between a typical systolic pressure of < 120mm Hg and diastolic pressure of < 80mm Hg.
link. (2007-11-18)
Deardoff, Duane L.. "Manometer for Measuring Lung Pressure".
(1999). "Blowing pressure, power, and spectrum in trumpet playing". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
"Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults". NIH.
"Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body".
(1999-03-01). "Barometric pressures on Mt. Everest: new data and physiological significance". Journal of Applied Physiology.
"Time For HVLP?". Sharpe Manufacturing Company.
(2007). "Argon (Ar) Properties, Uses, Applications Argon Gas and Liquid Argon". Universal Industrial Gases, Inc..
(2002-01-03). "The Airliner Cabin Environment and the Health of Passengers and Crew". National Academies Press.
"Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". NOAA.
Gershtein, Sergey. "bar. Metric. Stress and Pressure Conversion Chart".
(2 July 2009). "Appendix B8—Factors for Units Listed Alphabetically". NIST.
Typical force may total {{convert. 150. to. 500. lbf. N, applied to area of ~{{convert. 6. sqin. cm2. Actual impact pressure depends on strike to bone, soft tissue, padded surface, or brick wall. Also depends upon deflection or resistance of object struck. Heavyweight boxing champions have been shown to strike with over {{convert. 1000. lbf. N of force, which would imply ~170 psi (> 1100 kPa) over same area.
"This Is Your...Tire's Air".
"Frequently Asked Questions". Generac Power Systems.
(April 2000). "How Water Towers Work". HowStuffWorks.
(June 2011). "Reliability and Usefulness of the Pressure Pain Threshold Measurement in Patients with Myofascial Pain". Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine.
"Pressure in a Champagne Bottle".
"Carbon dioxide". NIST.
(April 2019). ["Kinetics of Popping of Popcorn"](http://www.aaccnet.org/cerealchemistry/articles/2005/CC-82-0053.pdf }}{{Dead link). Cereal Chemistry.
Choi, Young. "Beginner's guide to paintball tanks". PaintBall.com.
"Run Silent, Run Deep". Federation of American Scientists.
Calculated: assume depth of 2x800 ft = 1600 ft. 1600 ft * 0.3048 m/ft = 488 m. Pressure at 488 m = density * g * depth * area = 1025 kg/m^3 * 9.81 m/s^2 * 488 m * 1 m^2 = 4.90e6 Pa. 4.90e6 Pa * 1.45e-4 psi/Pa = 711 psi.
(24 September 2006). "How to Select a Pressure Washer". New York Times.
Williams, David R.. (2010-11-17). "Venus Fact Sheet". NASA.
"Pressure Under High Heels".
Paquette, L. A.. (1995). "Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis". John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
"Scuba Tanks".
Wong, Henry. (2002). "Blast-Resistant Building Design Technology Analysis of its Application to Modern Hotel Design". WGA Wong Gregerson Architects, Inc..
"SHINKAI 6500". Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology.
"SAAMI Pistol Pressure Specifications". Leverguns.Com.
(2007). "Regulation of Cell Cycle and Stress Responses to Hydrostatic Pressure in Fission Yeast". Molecular Biology of the Cell.
[http://nzic.org.nz/ChemProcesses/polymers/10J.pdf The manufacture of polyethylene] {{Webarchive. link. (2010-05-25 . nzic.org.nz)
"DENSO Develops a New Diesel Common Rail System With the World's Highest Injection Pressure". DENSO Global Website.
"Water Jet Cutting Pumps". KMT Waterjet.
National Geographic Channel, The known universe (treasure hunt in space)
Schmetzer, Karl. (2010). "High pressure high temperature of diamonds – a review of the patent literature from five decades (1960–2009)". The Journal of Gemmology.
"6.11 Degeneracy Pressure".
Krause, Horst H.. (2005). "New Energetic Materials". WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.
Summers, David. (2012). "Waterjetting 3b: pumps, intensifiers, and cannons".
(10 July 2019). "Strength of carbon nanotubes depends on their chemical structures". Nature.
(2008). "Measurement of the Elastic Properties and Intrinsic Strength of Monolayer Graphene". Science.
(1981). "Preliminary reference Earth model". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors.
"Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM) (Dziewonski & Anderson, 1981)".
[http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/2012/nov/02/improved-diamond-anvil-cell-allows-higher-pressures-than-ever-before Improved diamond anvil cell allows higher pressures ''Physics World'' November 2012]
(2014). "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Metallization of Solid Helium at Terapascal Pressures". Physical Review Letters.
"Extremely high-pressure generation and compression with laser implosion plasmas".
(2019). "Metallization and positive pressure dependency of bandgap in solid neon". The Journal of Chemical Physics.
"4.4 Elements of Thermonuclear Weapon Design".
Calculated: ablation pressure = 5.3e9 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 5.44e14 Pa
Calculated: ablation pressure = 6.4e10 bar * 1.01325e5 Pa/bar = 6.48e14 Pa
(2016). "Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars". Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys..
(16 May 2018). "The pressure distribution inside the proton". Nature.

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