Order of the Southern Cross

History

Originally known as the Imperial Order of the Cross (Portuguese: Ordem Imperial do Cruzeiro), the Order was created by Emperor Pedro I on the day of his Coronation, 1 December 1822. Also on the same date the first knights of the order were appointed, to commemorate the crowning of the Empire's first monarch. After the proclamation of the independence of Brazil on 7 September 1822 other honorific awards had been made, but of the Orders of chivalry shared with Portugal, Brazilian branches of which had been created upon independence; the Order of the Cross, created to mark the Coronation of the Empire's founder, was thus also the first purely Brazilian Order.

After the fall of the monarchy, Brazil's first republican Constitution, enacted on 24 February 1891, abolished all titles of nobility and all Imperial Orders and decorations. The Order was later re-established by the government of Getúlio Vargas on December 5, 1932, as the National Order of the Southern Cross.

During the Old Republic period (from the Proclamation of the Republic until the Revolution of 1930), National Orders did not exist and the Brazilian State bestowed only military medals. Restored in 1932, the Order of the Southern Cross was the first Order to be created in the re-established, republican honours system. It is considered the senior Brazilian National Order.

During the Imperial period, the Order of the Southern Cross was not the highest ranking of the Imperial Orders, as it ranked below the Brazilian branches of the ancient orders of chivalry, that originated with Portugal: the Order of Christ (the senior-most Order), the Order of Saint Benedict of Aviz and the Order of St. James of the Sword. Those Orders were shared by Brazil and Portugal; the Order of Christ was shared with the Holy See similar to the Austrian and a Spanish Orders of the Golden Fleece. However among the Brazilian created Orders, the Imperial Order of the Cross ranked first, having higher status than the Imperial Order of Pedro I and the Imperial Order of the Rose.

The Imperial Order of the Cross continues to be used by both branches of the Brazilian Imperial Family as a House Order, awarded by the rival claimants to the position of Head of the Imperial Family, but such awards are not recognized by the Republic of Brazil.

Just like the Emperors of Brazil were ex officio Grand Masters of the Imperial Order, Presidents of Brazil are ex officio Grand Masters of the successor National Order. Accordingly, President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva is the Order's current Grand Master.

Criteria

Unlike the Imperial Order, that was awarded to Brazilians and foreigners alike, the republican National Order is awarded to foreigners only. When the Order was re-established in by presidential decree on January 13, 1932, it was restricted to foreigners only with the stipulation that all awards of the Order constitute an act of foreign relations on the part of the Brazilian Government.

Brazilians were excluded deliberately. In the Old Republic, the State regarded Orders and decorations as contrary to the principles of republicanism, and thus maintained no honours system; the creation of an Order that would admit Brazilians to its ranks was a step too far. However, the Brazilian State also resented the lack of a decoration with which to honour foreign dignitaries, as is sometimes almost required by diplomatic protocol. For instance, during the celebrations of the Centennial of Brazilian Independence in 1922, several foreign dignitaries, including the King and Queen of the Belgians, came to Brazil for the celebrations. The King of the Belgians bestowed Belgian honours to some Brazilians. Brazilian nationals needed authorization from the Government to accept foreign titles of honour, or else face loss of citizenship, and under normal circumstances permission for the acceptance of appointment to Orders of Chivalry would not have been granted. While the government of Brazil relaxed its practice and authorized both accepting induction into foreign Orders and the wearing of foreign insignia, it lacked any decorations with which to reciprocate the Belgian gesture. The National Order of the Southern Cross was intended as an Order that would fill that gap. Today, accepting foreign honours and insignia without the need of prior Government approval is allowed, and several Brazilian Orders have been established to which Brazilians may be admitted, starting with the National Order of Merit (Ordem Nacional do Mérito), created in 1946. Even so, the governing statutes of the National Order of the Southern Cross have never been reformed, and it thus remains unavailable to Brazilians. Paradoxically, therefore, the Order's Grand Master — the sitting President of the Republic — is never a member of the Order he or she oversees, and the President's connection with the Order is severed once the President leaves office.

The Decree that re-created the Order (Decree 22.165, signed by Vargas on 5 December 1932) does not mention the creation of a new Order, but the reestablishment of the old Order of the Southern Cross, that had been "created upon the advent of the political independence of Brazil". This was done to improve the prestige of the Order by linking it with the past, that is, by associating it with an Order that had been created more than one century earlier.

In 1932, the republican version of the Order had the same five grades as the old imperial version. In 1939, by a statute issued on 17 July of that year, the additional grade of the Grand Collar was created. Until the creation of the Grand Collar, awards of which are restricted to Heads of State, the Grand Cross was the Order's highest rank.

Awards of, and promotions in, the National Order of the Southern Cross are made by decree of the President of the Republic, in his capacity as the Order's Grand Master. The decree of appointment or promotion is, like all presidential decrees, published in the Federal Government's Official Journal, and, as per the Order's regulations, the appointment or promotion is also recorded in a book kept by the Order's secretary.

The Brazilian Minister of Foreign Relations serves as the Chancellor of the Order, and an officer of the Ministry of Foreign Relations that heads the ceremonial and protocol division serves as the Secretary to the Order. The Order also has a Council, chaired by its Chancellor, that recommends awards and promotions.

Classes

Under its current regulations, the Order consists of the Grand Master and six Classes of members:

• Grand Collar: the recipient wears the adorned "Grand Collar", a chain from which the badge of the order is suspended. The recipient is also allowed to combine the wearing of the Grand Collar with any of the following insignia, or with both: the "Star" of the Order (a plaque modelled after the badge of the Order, to be worn on the left breast); and the Sash of the Order, that is proper to those of Grand Cross rank (a light blue sash, to be worn on the right shoulder). Awards of the Grand Collar are restricted to foreign Heads of State.
• Grand Cross: the recipient wears the Sash of the Order, and the badge of the Order hangs from the bottom part of that sash (given that the sash is worn on the right shoulder, the badge hangs close to the left leg, by the waist line). The recipient further wears the "star" of the Order, displayed on the left breast.
• Grand Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order around the neck suspended from a blue ribbon necklet, and the star of the order is displayed on the left breast.
• Commander: the recipient wears the badge of the order around the neck, suspended from a blue ribbon necklet.
• Officer: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on left breast suspended from a ribbon with a rosette.
• Knight: the recipient wears the badge of the Order on the left breast suspended from a simple ribbon.

Notable recipients

Foreigners

Republican era:

• 2025 – India Narendra Modi (Prime Minister of India)
• 2025 – Japan Naruhito (Emperor of Japan)
• 2024 – Uruguay José Mujica (former President of Uruguay)
• 2024 – Italy Sergio Mattarella (President of Italy)
• 2023 – Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (President of Portugal)
• 2021 – Bahrain Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa (King of Bahrain)
• 2021 – Qatar Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani (Emir of Qatar)
• 2021 – United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan (President of the United Arab Emirates and Ruler of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi)
• 2021 – United Arab Emirates Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum (Emir of Dubai)
• 2021 – United Arab Emirates Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (President of the United Arab Emirates)
• 2021 – Colombia Iván Duque (President of Colombia)
• 2020 – Japan Taro Aso (Prime Minister of Japan)
• 2020 – Japan Shinzo Abe (Prime Minister of Japan)
• 2018 – Israel Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel)
• 2017 – Japan Okada Kōō (Spiritual leader of Sukyo Mahikari)
• 2017 – Paraguay Horacio Cartes (President of Paraguay)
• 2017 – Austria Stefan Zweig (novelist, playwright, journalist and biographer), posthumous award
• 2017 – Argentina Mauricio Macri (President of Argentina)
• 2016 – Bulgaria Rosen Plevneliev (President of Bulgaria)
• 2015 – Argentina Cristina Fernández de Kirchner (President of Argentina)
• 2015 – Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto (President of Mexico)
• 2014 – Argentina Julio de Vido (politician)
• 2013 – Venezuela José Antonio Abreu (pianist)
• 2012 – France Emmanuel Macron (later President of France)
• 2011 – Bulgaria Georgi Parvanov (President of Bulgaria)
• 2011 – Colombia María Ángela Holguín (Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia)
• 2010 – Syria Bashar al-Assad (President of Syria)
• 2010 – Lebanon Michel Suleiman (President of Lebanon)
• 2009 – France Nicolas Sarkozy (President of France)
• 2009 – USA Arturo Valenzuela (Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs)
• 2007 – Denmark Anders Fogh Rasmussen (Prime Minister of Denmark)
• 2007 – Sweden Carl XVI Gustaf (King of Sweden)
• 2007 – Sweden Silvia Sommerlath (Queen consort of Sweden)
• 2007 – Luxembourg Henri (Grand Duke of Luxembourg)
• 2007 – Luxembourg Maria Teresa (Grand Duchess consort of Luxembourg)
• 2006 – Senegal Jacques Diouf (diplomat)
• 2004 – USA James Sherwood (businessman)
• 2004 – Morocco Mohammed VI (King of Morocco)
• 2003 – Netherlands Beatrix (Queen of the Netherlands)
• 2003 – Norway Harald V (King of Norway)
• 2003 – Norway Sonja Haraldsen (Queen consort of Norway)
• 2003 – Japan Yasuo Tanaka (governor of Nagano)
• 2003 – USA Ann Hartness (scholar)
• 2002 – Spain Ismael Crespo (Professor at the University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain)
• 2002 – Poland Aleksander Kwaśniewski (President of Poland)
• 1999 – Peru Alberto Fujimori (President of Peru)
• 1999 – USA Albert Fishlow (professor)
• 1999 – Italy Giovanni Sartori (political scientist)
• 1998 – Portugal Ricardo Salgado (banker)
• 1998 – Spain Manuel Fraga (president of Galicia)
• 1996 – France Jacques Chirac (President of France)
• 1996 – Portugal António Guterres (Prime Minister of Portugal)
• 1996 – Switzerland Stephan Schmidheiny (entrepreneur)
• 1995 – Suriname Ronald Venetiaan (President of Suriname)
• 1991 – Spain Sofía of Spain * (Queen consort of Spain)*
• 1991 – Spain Juan Carlos I (King of Spain)
• 1990 – Czech Republic Václav Havel (President of Czechoslovakia)
• 1990 – Japan Daisaku Ikeda (president of the Soka Gakkai)
• 1987 – Portugal Mário Soares (President of Portugal)
• 1984 – Japan Kiyoshi Sumiya (Ambassador of Japan)
• 1978 – UK Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III, King of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms)
• 1976 – Japan Masayoshi Ōhira (Finance Minister of Japan)
• 1976 – France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (President of France)
• 1975 – Romania Nicolae Ceausescu (President of Romania)
• 1974 – Denmark Margrethe II (Queen of Denmark)
• 1972 – Bolivia Hugo Banzer (President of Bolivia)
• 1972 – Kingdom of Yugoslavia Alexander II Karađorđević (Crown Prince of Yugoslavia)
• 1969 – USA Neil Armstrong (astronaut)
• 1969 – USA Michael Collins (astronaut)
• 1968 – UK Elizabeth II (Queen of the United Kingdom and the other Commonwealth realms)
• 1965 – Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (Shah of Iran)
• 1964 – France Charles de Gaulle (President of France)
• 1964 – USA Felix Grant (radio presenter)
• 1963 – Yugoslavia Blaže Koneski* (writer)*
• 1963 – Yugoslavia Ivan Rukavina * (Army general)*
• 1963 – Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito (President of Yugoslavia)
• 1962 – UK Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (consort of the British monarch)
• 1961 – Cuba Che Guevara (revolutionary){{cite news | access-date = 2010-08-24}}
• 1961 – Soviet Union Yuri Gagarin (cosmonaut)
• 1960 – Thailand Sarit Thanarat (Prime Minister of Thailand)
• 1960 – Thailand Bhumibol Adulyadej (King of Thailand)
• 1959 – Japan Nobusuke Kishi (Prime Minister of Japan)
• 1958 – Ethiopia Haile Selassie (Emperor of Ethiopia)
• 1956 – USA David Rockefeller (banker)
• 1956 – Indonesia Sukarno (President of Indonesia)
• 1955 – Japan Hirohito (Emperor of Japan)
• 1954 – USA Dwight D. Eisenhower (Supreme Commander WWII, President of the United States)
• 1954 – Israel Vera Weizmann (wife of Chaim Weizmann, the first President of Israel)
• 1952 – USA Helen Keller (activist)
• 1952 – Argentina Eva Perón (First Lady of Argentina)
• 1946 – USA Nelson Rockefeller (as Assistant Secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, later U.S. Vice President)
• 1944 – USA Charles Lyon Chandler (historian)
• 1944 – Republic of China (1912–1949) Chiang Kai-shek (Chairman of the National Government of China)
• 1944 – USA Ira C. Eaker (general of the United States Army Air Forces)
• 1944 – USA Douglas Fairbanks Jr. (Naval officer)
• 1940 – Venezuela Eleazar López Contreras (President of Venezuela)
• 1940 – USA Robert B. Williams (pilot)
• 1940 – Netherlands Conrad Carel Käyser (Marine officer and explorer)
• 1938 – Bolivia Germán Busch (President of Bolivia)
• 1935 – New Zealand Jean Batten (aviator)
• 1933 – UK Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India, and Duke of Windsor) Imperial era:
• 1884 – Russian Empire Nicholas II (Emperor of Russia)
• 1878 – German Empire Wilhem II (German Emperor and King of Prussia)
• 1873 – Kingdom of Portugal Carlos I (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
• 1871 – UK Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, (later Edward VII, King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, Emperor of India)
• 1867 – UK Prince Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha)
• 1866 – Russian Empire Alexander III (Emperor of Russia)
• 1865 – Second Mexican Empire Maximilian I (Emperor of Mexico)
• 1864 – France Gaston, Count of Eu (French prince)
• 1861 – Kingdom of Portugal Luís I (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
• 1855 – Kingdom of Portugal Pedro V (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
• 1852 – Argentina Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (President of Argentina)
• 1848 – Spain Isabella II (Queen of Spain)
• 1838 – Kingdom of Portugal Fernando II (King of Portugal and the Algarves)
• 1830 – Austrian Empire Francis II & I (Holy Roman Emperor and Emperor of Austria)
• 1830 – Duchy of Parma Marie Louise (Duchess of Parma, former Empress of the French)
• 1830 – Kingdom of Portugal Domingos Sequeira (artist)
• 1826 – UK John Pascoe Grenfell (admiral)
• 1826 – Kingdom of Portugal Maria II (Queen of Portugal and the Algarves)
• 1823 – UK Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (admiral) among others

Brazilians

• 1888 – Empire of Brazil Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto (Prime Minister of Brazil)
• 1876 – Empire of Brazil José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco (Diplomat)
• 1870 – Empire of Brazil José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco (Prime Minister of Brazil)
• 1870 – Empire of Brazil Deodoro da Fonseca (Marshal)
• 1869 – Empire of Brazil Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval (Marshal)
• 1866 – Empire of Brazil Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas (Admiral)
• 1866 – Empire of Brazil Émile Mallet, Baron of Itapevi (Marshal)
• 1852 – Empire of Brazil Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre (Lieutenant general)
• 1841 – Empire of Brazil Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias (Marshal)
• 1841 – Empire of Brazil Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (Prime Minister of Brazil)
• 1837 – Empire of Brazil Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda (Regent of the Empire)
• 1824 – Empire of Brazil Carlos Frederico Lecor, Viscount of Laguna (Governor of the Cisplatina province)
• 1822 – Empire of Brazil Joaquim Xavier Curado, Count of São João das Duas Barras (minister of war)

among others

Cities

• 2016 – Colombia Medellín (Honorable support due LaMia Flight 2933 accident)

• Grand Collars

  • Akihito
  • Bashar al-Assad
  • List of titles and honours of Beatrix of the Netherlands
  • Andrew Bertie
  • Felipe Calderón
  • Carl XVI Gustaf
  • Jacques Chirac
  • Francesco Cossiga
  • List of titles and honours of Elizabeth II
  • Charles de Gaulle
  • Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
  • Haile Selassie
  • Harald V of Norway
  • Václav Havel
  • Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
  • Theodor Heuss
  • List of titles and honours of Juan Carlos I of Spain
  • Juliana of the Netherlands
  • Aleksander Kwaśniewski
  • Mauricio Macri
  • Margrethe II of Denmark
  • Mohammed VI of Morocco
  • Mohammad Reza Pahlavi
  • Narendra Modi
  • José Mujica
  • Enrique Peña Nieto
  • Rosen Plevneliev
  • Mário Soares
  • Ronald Venetiaan

• Grand Crosses

  • Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1811–1873)
  • Archduke Albrecht, Duke of Teschen
  • Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale
  • Alexander III of Russia
  • Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Luís Alves de Lima e Silva, Duke of Caxias
  • Amha Selassie
  • Henry H. Arnold
  • Prince August Leopold of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Jan Peter Balkenende
  • Baudouin of Belgium
  • Maximilian de Beauharnais, 3rd Duke of Leuchtenberg
  • Prince Oscar Bernadotte
  • Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld
  • Friedrich Ferdinand von Beust
  • Carlos I of Portugal
  • Maria Cavaco Silva
  • Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen
  • List of titles and honours of Charles, Prince of Wales
  • Carlo Azeglio Ciampi
  • Constantine, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen
  • Rohan Daluwatte
  • Aida Desta
  • Fernando de Quintanilha e Mendonça Dias
  • Jacques Diouf
  • Edward VIII
  • Dwight D. Eisenhower
  • Ferdinand I of Austria
  • Ferdinand II of Portugal
  • Cristina Fernández de Kirchner
  • Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor
  • François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville
  • Wacław Frankowski
  • Archduke Franz Karl of Austria
  • Frederick III, German Emperor
  • Frederik, Crown Prince of Denmark
  • Gaston, Count of Eu
  • Che Guevara
  • Gustaf V
  • Gustaf VI Adolf
  • António Guterres
  • Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway
  • Walter Hallstein
  • Tarja Halonen
  • Sir Arthur Harris
  • Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg
  • Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark
  • Hirohito
  • Ja'afar of Negeri Sembilan
  • Prince Joachim of Denmark
  • Jacek Junosza-Kisielewski
  • Karl Anton, Prince of Hohenzollern
  • Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria
  • Thanat Khoman
  • Knud, Hereditary Prince of Denmark
  • Konstantin of Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
  • François Lefebvre de Laboulaye
  • Curtis LeMay
  • Leopold I of Belgium
  • Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany
  • Charles de Limburg Stirum
  • Erling Lorentzen
  • Prince Ludwig August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Luís I of Portugal
  • Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
  • Maria II of Portugal
  • Maria Teresa, Grand Duchess of Luxembourg
  • Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
  • Mary, Crown Princess of Denmark
  • Queen Máxima of the Netherlands
  • Maximilian I of Mexico
  • Mette-Marit, Crown Princess of Norway
  • Miguel I of Portugal
  • Napoleon III
  • Nicholas II of Russia
  • Oscar II
  • Georgi Parvanov
  • Pedro V of Portugal
  • Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
  • Eva Perón
  • Friis Arne Petersen
  • List of titles and honours of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
  • Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders
  • Józef Piłsudski
  • Francisco Pinto Balsemão
  • Princess Ragnhild, Mrs. Lorentzen
  • Archduke Rainer Ferdinand of Austria
  • Anders Fogh Rasmussen
  • Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
  • Nicolas Sarkozy
  • Queen Silvia of Sweden
  • List of titles and honours of Queen Sofía of Spain
  • Queen Sonja of Norway
  • Sukarno
  • Jan Szembek (diplomat)
  • Sarit Thanarat
  • Frans Timmermans
  • Josip Broz Tito
  • Umberto Vattani
  • Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden
  • Wilhelm II, German Emperor
  • Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
  • William I, German Emperor
  • Elmo Zumwalt

• Grand Officers

  • Mark W. Clark
  • Ira C. Eaker
  • Tim Fischer
  • Wallace M. Greene
  • Emmanuel Macron
  • William R. Munroe
  • Henry Conger Pratt
  • Benoît Puga
  • Kiyoshi Sumiya

• Commanders

  • Howard H. J. Benson
  • Asa White Kenney Billings
  • James H. Billington
  • Hélène Carrère d'Encausse
  • Charles Lyon Chandler
  • Chiang Kai-shek
  • Ismael Crespo
  • Duarte de Freitas do Amaral
  • Jean-Louis Georgelin
  • Ann Hartness
  • Henry Kent Hewitt
  • Daisaku Ikeda
  • Claude Lévi-Strauss
  • Charles P. Mason
  • Ghillean Prance
  • Dorrit Reventlow
  • David Rockefeller
  • Dominique Vian

• Officers

  • Jean Batten
  • Jérôme Champagne
  • Douglas Fairbanks Jr.
  • Jean-Baptiste Nothomb
  • Robert Olds
  • Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná
  • Jean-François Revel

• Knights

  • Gunnar Ring Amundsen
  • Harold L. George
  • José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco
  • Peter Ustinov

• Unknown Class

  • José Antonio Abreu
  • Konrad Adenauer
  • Bhumibol Adulyadej
  • Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia
  • Neil Armstrong
  • Arie Aroch
  • Hugo Banzer
  • José Luís Mena Barreto
  • Francisco Manuel Barroso, Baron of Amazonas
  • Beatrix of the Netherlands
  • Jeanne Behrend
  • Juan Carlos I
  • Horacio Cartes
  • Nicolae Ceaușescu
  • Charles, Prince of Wales
  • Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
  • Michael Collins (astronaut)
  • Eleazar López Contreras
  • Gabriel P. Disosway
  • Louis Dreller
  • Elizabeth II
  • Albert Fishlow
  • Deodoro da Fonseca
  • Alberto Fujimori
  • Yuri Gagarin
  • Felix Grant
  • John Pascoe Grenfell
  • Tarja Halonen
  • María Ángela Holguín
  • Maria Quitéria
  • António Horta-Osório (banker)
  • Jonas H. Ingram
  • Isabella II of Spain
  • Helen Keller
  • Blaže Koneski
  • Carlos Frederico Lecor, Viscount of Laguna
  • Pedro de Araújo Lima, Marquis of Olinda
  • Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma
  • City of Medellín
  • Benjamin Netanyahu
  • Masayoshi Ōhira
  • Manuel Luís Osório, Marquis of Erval
  • Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto
  • José Paranhos, Viscount of Rio Branco
  • Pedro II of Brazil
  • Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh
  • William Alfred Pickwoad
  • Manuel Marques de Sousa, Count of Porto Alegre
  • Juan Rivero Torres
  • Nelson Rockefeller
  • Ivan Rukavina
  • Ricardo Salgado
  • Domingo Faustino Sarmiento
  • Giovanni Sartori
  • Stephan Schmidheiny
  • Domingos Sequeira
  • James Sherwood
  • Stanisław Skarżyński
  • Queen Sofía of Spain
  • Maurice Strong
  • Michel Suleiman
  • Yasuo Tanaka (politician)
  • Shoichiro Toyoda
  • Arturo Valenzuela
  • Julio de Vido
  • Lech Wałęsa
  • Vera Weizmann
  • Robert B. Williams (general)
  • Stefan Zweig

References

References

1. [http://www.bcb.gov.br/?ORDNACRUZ Ordem Nacional do Cruzeiro do Sul] {{Webarchive. link. (2016-03-03 Banco Central do Brasil. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{in lang). pt.
2. [http://www.medal-medaille.com/product_info.php?cPath=30&products_id=3471 National Order of the Southern Cross] Medal-Medaille. Retrieved on 2010-10-10.
3. [http://www2.mre.gov.br/Cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Conselho-CS.htm Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Conselho] {{Webarchive. link. (2012-03-11 Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{in lang). pt.
4. [http://www2.mre.gov.br/Cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Home-CS.htm Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Histórico] {{webarchive. link. (2010-09-02 Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{in lang). pt.
5. White, William. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=3VsEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA173 Notes and queries, Volume 78]''. London: 1888, p. 173.
6. Even the short-lived republican ''Ordem de Colombo'' (Order of Columbus) that had been established by the Provisional Government of the Republic as a replacement to the Imperial Orders, was abolished when Congress promulgated Brazil's first republican Constitution on 24 February 1891, declaring all Orders abolished and stating that the Republic would maintain no Orders. Only after the 1891 Constitution had ceased to operate due to the 1930 Revolution was a republican honours system created, beginning with the recreation of the Order of the Southern Cross in 1932.
7. "- no title specified".
8. "Cerimonial".
9. [https://archive.today/20120806003634/http://www6.senado.gov.br/legislacao/ListaTextoIntegral.action?id=26254] Decree that "Reestablishes the National Order of the Southern Cross".
10. "Portal da Câmara dos Deputados".
11. [http://www2.mre.gov.br/Cerimonial/CruzeirodoSul/Regulamento-CS.htm Condecorações: Cruizeiro do Sul – Regulamento] Ministério das Relações Exteriores. Retrieved on 2010-10-10. {{in lang. pt.
12. (8 July 2025). "Brazil confers its highest honour 'Grand Collar of the National Order of the Southern Cross' on PM Modi". [[Times of India]].
13. (22 March 2025). "Na véspera de viagem, Lula concede comenda a imperador do Japão".
14. (5 December 2024). "No Uruguai, Lula condecora Mujica com maior honraria brasileira".
15. (15 July 2024). "Mattarella in Visita di Stato in Brasile incontra il Presidente Lula".
16. da Silva, Luiz Inácio Lula. (22 April 2023). "Reunião com o presidente de Portugal, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Condecorei o amigo com a Ordem do Cruzeiro do Sul, uma comenda que nosso país atribui a personalidades estrangeiras.".
17. (12 November 2021). "Bolsonaro condecora líderes do Oriente Médio antes de viagem à região".
18. (17 November 2021). "17/11/2021 - Reunião Ampliada {{!}} (Doha - Qatar, 17/11/2021) P… {{!}} Flickr".
19. (19 October 2021). "Bolsonaro recebe presidente da Colômbia no Palácio do Planalto nesta terça-feira".
20. (19 October 2021). "DSC_7871 {{!}} Almoço em homenagem ao Excelentíssimo Senhor Iván… {{!}} Flickr".
21. "Governo brasileiro condecora ex-premiê Abe e vice-premiê Aso em Tóquio".
22. "Shinzo Abe e Taro Aso são condecorados pelo Brasil".
23. "Netanyahu in Brazil: Israel is forming an alliance with a superpower - Israel News - Jerusalem Post".
24. "About Sukyo Mahikari｜Sukyo Mahikari".
25. (21 August 2017). "Temer e Horácio Cartes reafirmam decisão de suspender Venezuela do Mercosul". [[Agência Brasil]].
26. (13 April 2017). "Diário Oficial da União".
27. (7 February 2017). "Brazil and Argentina agree to move closer to Pacific Alliance". [[Agência Brasil]].
28. 1677-7042.
29. "Dilma Rousseff se emocionó al condecorar a Cristina con la "Orden del Sur de Brasil" - Los Andes Diario".
30. 1677-7042.
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