Open (sport)

History

The earliest known usage of the term was by Prestwick Golf Club in 1861, when it held the second annual Challenge Belt golf competition, now referred to as The Open Championship or British Open. The first championship at Prestwick was held in 1860, but for professional golfers only. In 1861 they opened their medal competition to both professionals and amateurs. The first open Challenge Belt was won by Old Tom Morris (Thomas Mitchell Morris). The best amateur finisher that year was James Ogilvie Fairlie, who placed eighth.

The Open Era of tennis began in 1968 when both amateur and professional players were allowed to compete in Grand Slam events. Prior to that only amateur players were officially allowed to participate.

The International Olympic Committee restricted the original 1896 Olympic Games to male amateur competitors only. In 1986 the IOC allowed the respective international federations of each sport to determine whether professional athletes would be eligible to compete. This officially opened the Olympic Games to both amateur and professional athletes. Women were first allowed to compete in the Olympics at the 1900 Games when select sports, such as tennis, were opened to women competitors. Today, some sports, such as Greco-Roman wrestling, are still closed to female competitors. Other sports, such as Rhythmic gymnastics, are closed to male competitors.

In 2022 the international World Aquatics federation voted to prohibit transgender athletes from participating in women's elite competitions, but in 2023 World Aquatics created an open category of competition for athletes whose gender identity is different than their birth sex. This self-described "pioneering pilot project" was to be held for the first time at the 2023 Swimming World Cup in Berlin, but was cancelled due to lack of entries. World Aquatics intends to include the category in future events.

Related terms

Closed: Closed tournaments or competitions restrict participation to certain groups. For example, players might be restricted to male or female athletes, must be from a specific school or grade level, be members of a specific club, or live in a specific country.

Invitational: Invitational tournaments and competitions are also considered closed competitions, but further restrict participants to individuals or teams who are specifically invited to compete.

Qualifier: Many open tournaments include preliminary qualifying events, sometimes called qualies, that successively reduce the field prior to a final championship event, which itself may involve elimination rounds. The term qualifier may refer to the qualifying events or rounds, or to the players who successfully earn their way through the qualifying rounds to compete in the championship rounds. Top ranked players may be allowed to bypass the qualifying events, be given a bye, and directly seeded into the championship event.

References

References

1. (July 14, 2021). "What Does 'Open' Mean In Golf?". Golf Monthly.
2. (August 28, 2023). "Why Are Tennis Tournaments Called “Opens”?". Minute Media.
3. "150TH U.S. OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP". United States Golf Association.
4. (November 19, 2003). "Open tennis accepted for Wimbledon". ESPN.
5. (October 15, 2018). "Push to allow professional athletes took hold in 1968 Olympic Games". Arizona State University Global Sport Institute.
6. "Why Some Olympic Sports Are Still Open Only to Men or Only to Women". HowStuffWorks.
7. (August 16, 2023). "Swimming World Cup 2023: Transgender swimmers to compete in new open category in Berlin". BBC.
8. (October 3, 2023). "No entries received for new 'open category' in World Cup meet". Reuters.
9. "What Is a Closed Golf Tournament?". GolfCompedium.com.
10. "What is a Qualifier in Tennis – How it Works?". Tennis Pursuits.