Nymph

Etymology

The Greek word nýmphē has the primary meaning of "young woman; bride, young wife" but is not usually associated with deities in particular. Yet the etymology of the noun nýmphē remains uncertain. The Doric and Aeolic (Homeric) form is nýmphā (νύμφα).

Modern usage more often applies to young women, contrasting with parthenos (παρθένος) "a virgin (of any age)", and generically as kore (κόρη

Ancient Greek mythology

Nymphs were sometimes beloved by many and dwelt in specific areas related to the natural environment: e.g. mountainous regions; forests; springs. Other nymphs were part of the retinue of a god (such as Dionysus, Hermes, or Pan) or of a goddess (generally the huntress Artemis).

The Greek nymphs were also spirits invariably bound to places, not unlike the Latin genius loci, and sometimes this produced complicated myths like the cult of Arethusa to Sicily. In some of the works of the Greek-educated Latin poets, the nymphs gradually absorbed into their ranks the indigenous Italian divinities of springs and streams (Juturna, Egeria, Carmentis, Fontus) while the Lymphae (originally Lumpae), Italian water goddesses, owing to the accidental similarity of their names, could be identified with the Greek Nymphae. The classical mythologies of the Roman poets were unlikely to have affected the rites and cults of individual nymphs venerated by country people in the springs and clefts of Latium. Among the Roman literate class, their sphere of influence was restricted and they appear almost exclusively as divinities of the watery element.

Greek folk religion

The ancient Greek belief in nymphs survived in many parts of the country into the early years of the twentieth century when they were usually known as "nereids". Nymphs often tended to frequent areas distant from humans but could be encountered by lone travelers outside the village, where their music might be heard, and the traveler could spy on their dancing or bathing in a stream or pool, either during the noon heat or in the middle of the night. They might appear in a whirlwind. Such encounters could be dangerous, bringing dumbness, besotted infatuation, madness or stroke to the unfortunate man. When parents believed their child to be nereid-struck, they would pray to the Saint Artemius (Perhaps this saint in particular being chosen is due to a corruption of the name of the goddess Artemis. If this is the case, it would be an example of "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints")."Heathen Artemis yielded her functions to her own genitive case transformed into Saint Artemidos", as Terrot Reaveley Glover phrased it in discussing the "practical polytheism in the worship of the saints", in Progress in Religion to the Christian Era 1922:107.

Nymphs and fairies

Nymphs are often depicted in classic works across art, literature, mythology, and fiction. They are often associated with the medieval romances or Renaissance literature of the elusive fairies or elves.{{cite book |last=Kready |first=Laura|year=1916

Sleeping nymph

A motif that entered European art during the Renaissance was the idea of a statue of a nymph sleeping in a grotto or spring. This motif supposedly came from an Italian report of a Roman sculpture of a nymph at a fountain above the River Danube. The report, and an accompanying poem supposedly on the fountain describing the sleeping nymph, are now generally concluded to be a fifteenth-century forgery, but the motif proved influential among artists and landscape gardeners for several centuries after, with copies seen at neoclassical gardens such as the grotto at Stourhead.

List

All the names for various classes of nymphs have plural feminine adjectives, most agreeing with the substantive numbers and groups of nymphai. There is no single adopted classification that could be seen as canonical and exhaustive. Some classes of nymphs tend to overlap, which complicates the task of precise classification. e.g. dryads and hamadryads as nymphs of trees generally, meliai as nymphs of ash trees. According to classicist Robin Hard, these terms "were hardly proper names at all, but feminine adjectives that could be assigned to the noun at will", adding that "[n]o orthodox or exhaustive classification of such beings was ever attempted, and ancient authors were often careless or arbitrary in the application of such titles".

By dwelling or affinity

The following is not the authentic Greek classification, but is intended as a guide:

By location

The following is a list of individual nymphs or groups thereof associated with this or that particular location. Nymphs in such groups could belong to any of the classes mentioned above (Naiades, Oreades, and so on).

Others

The following is a selection of names of the nymphs whose class was not specified in the source texts. For lists of Naiads, Oceanids, Dryades etc., see respective articles.

In non-Greek tales influenced by Greek mythology

• Sabrina (the river Severn)
• Tágides (Tagus River)

Gallery

File:Hylas Saint-Romain-en Gal 07 2011.jpg|Hylas and nymphs from a mosaic in Roman Gaul (3rd century) File:Sátiro y ninfa..JPG|Fight between Nymph and Satyr, Naples National Archaeological Museum File:Lucas Cranach d.Ä. - Ruhende Quellnymphe (Washington, D.C.).jpg|The Nymph of the Spring by Lucas Cranach the Elder National Gallery of Art () File:Nymphe et satyr - Nicolas Poussin - Musée Pouchkine Moscou.jpg|Nymphe and Satyr by Nicolas Poussin - Pushkin Museum, Moscow (between 1626 and 1628) File:Sleepingnymph.jpg|A Sleeping Nymph Watched by a Shepherd by Angelica Kauffman (about 1780, V&A Museum no. 23–1886) File:Makovsky - satyr-and-nymph.jpg|Satyr and nymph by Konstantin Makovsky (1864) File:Nymphs and Satyr, by William-Adolphe Bouguereau.jpg|Nymphs and Satyr by William-Adolphe Bouguereau (1873) File:Pleiades by Elihu Vedder.jpg|The Pleiades by Elihu Vedder (1885) File:Nymphe, by Luis Ricardo Falero.jpg|A naiad by Luis Ricardo Falero (1892) File:Adolf Hiremy-Hirschl, Die Seelen des Acheron.jpg|The Souls of Acheron by Adolf Hirémy-Hirschl (1898) File:Bildplatte Oreade.jpg|Young oread, on German porcelain plate (late 19th century) File:Sir Edward John Poynter — Cave of the Storm Nymphs.jpg|The Cave of the Storm Nymphs by Sir Edward John Poynter (1903) File:Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse.jpg|Echo, an Oread (mountain nymph) watches Narcissus in this 1903 painting of Echo and Narcissus by John William Waterhouse File:Nymph with morning glory flowers.jpg|Nymph with morning glory flowers by Jules Joseph Lefebvre File:La Nymphe de la Foret.jpg|La Nymphe de la Foret by Guillaume Seignac

Notes

References

• Brill's New Pauly: Encyclopaedia of the Ancient World. Antiquity, Volume 9, Mini – Obe, edited by Hubert Cancik and Helmuth Schneider, Brill, 2006. .
• Campbell, David A., Greek Lyric, Volume II: Anacreon, Anacreontea, Choral Lyric from Olympus to Alcman, Loeb Classical Library No. 143, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1988. . Online version at Harvard University Press. Internet Archive.
• Hard, Robin, The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology", London and New York, Routledge, 2004. . .
• Montanari, Franco, The Brill Dictionary of Ancient Greek, edited by Madeleine Goh and Chad Schroeder, Leiden, Brill, 2015. .
• Page, Denys Lionel, Sir, Poetae Melici Graeci, Oxford University Press, 1962. .
• Philostratus the Elder, Imagines, in Philostratus the Elder, Imagines. Philostratus the Younger, Imagines. Callistratus, Descriptions, translated by Arthur Fairbanks, Loeb Classical Library No. 256, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1931. . Harvard University Press.
• Ricciardelli, Gabriella, Inni Orfici, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 2000. .
• Vian, Francis, Les Argonautiques orphiques, Collection Budé, Paris, Les Belles Lettres, 2003. .

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