Nosy Be

History

The first human inhabitants of Nosy Be were small bands from Antankarana and Zafinofotsy ethnic groups, before the Sakalava people migrated there and became the largest group on the island. These people were joined later by some Comorians, Indians and Antandroy. Nosy Be made its first major appearance in Madagascar's history when King Radama I announced that he intended to conquer the whole west of Madagascar. That plan was eventually achieved in 1837 when the Sakalava Kingdom of Boina came into the possession of Ranavalona I upon the defeat of Queen Tsiomeko's army.

The French colonized the island from 1840, founding an outpost named Hell-Ville (from French Admiral de Hell). The 1848 abolition of slavery in the French colonies resulted in a revolt against the French by the Sakalava people, who were extensively involved in the slave trade. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the island was governed by the French as an internal protectorate within the colony of Madagascar. The outpost became an important trade harbor in the Mozambique channel.

During the nineteenth century, the French settlers developed cash crop agriculture (mainly sugar cane) and recruited indentured laborers from East Africa. Though it was difficult for the French to control the littoral, they founded a plantation colony in Nosy Be, mainly producing sugar and cash crops. The French used both military force and diplomacy to maintain their position in the island, appointing the former ruler of Nosy Be Binao as the gouverneur principal of the island.

During the Russo-Japanese War Nosy Be became a supply station for Russia's Second Pacific Squadron. The main fleet led by Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky reached Nosy Be on January 9, 1905, where it met a smaller detachment led by Admiral Dmitry von Fölkersam that had arrived already on December 28, 1904. The fleet stayed for two months for refurbishing and coaling, leaving on March 17 to meet its fate ten weeks later at the Battle of Tsushima.

In 2013, two French tourists and one local were lynched (beaten and burned by a mob) after rumors that they were responsible for the death of a local boy. A Madagascar court gave four men the maximum hard labour for life over the mob lynching.

Geography

Nosy Be is located about 8 km from the coast of Madagascar in the Mozambique Channel; several smaller islands are located nearby, including Nosy Komba, Nosy Mitsio, Nosy Sakatia, and Nosy Tanikely. The island's main town is Andoany, commonly known as Hell-Ville.

The volcanic island has an area of about 312 km2 – 30 km long, 19 km wide – and its highest peak is Mont Lokobe at 450 m; the volcano is of Pleistocene origin and has not erupted in recent history. There are eleven volcanic crater lakes on the island.

Climate

Nosy Be has a tropical savanna climate. It is most humid in summer (December, January, February). The Tsaratanana massif partially protects the island from the strong north-east winds affecting the region in August or during tropical depressions. The wet season lasts from October until the beginning of May, followed by a relatively short dry season that lasts through September. As characteristic of its climate however, it still sees moderate amounts of precipitation even during this time. Daytime temperatures remain fairly steady throughout the year, hovering around 30 °C (86 °F), while the nights are slightly cooler during the dry season.

| Jan record high C = 35.0 | Feb record high C = 35.0 | Mar record high C = 36.8 | Apr record high C = 35.4 | May record high C = 36.0 | Jun record high C = 34.2 | Jul record high C = 34.5 | Aug record high C = 35.4 | Sep record high C = 34.4 | Oct record high C = 36.3 | Nov record high C = 37.0 | Dec record high C = 36.0 | year record high C = 37.0 | Jan record low C = 20.2 | Feb record low C = 20.4 | Mar record low C = 21.4 | Apr record low C = 19.0 | May record low C = 15.0 | Jun record low C = 13.0 | Jul record low C = 12.7 | Aug record low C = 13.7 | Sep record low C = 13.0 | Oct record low C = 16.0 | Nov record low C = 17.6 | Dec record low C = 20.2 | year record low C = 12.7 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230925044143/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/4.4/data/0-data/Region-1-WMO-Normals-9120/Madagascar/CSV/NOSYBE_67012.csv | archive-date = 25 September 2023 | access-date = 25 September 2023}}

Flora and fauna

The island is known for having populations of the world's smallest frogs (Stumpffia pygmaea) and chameleon (Brookesia minima). The Lokobe Reserve is one of Madagascar's five Strict Nature Reserves (Réserves Naturelles Intégrales). Nosy Be is also home to a specific color of panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis).

Nocturnal animals include lemurs (mouse and dwarf), chameleons (e.g. short nosed, and stump tailed), leaf-tailed geckos, frogs, and birds.[[File:Balaenoptera omurai, Madagascar - Royal Society Open Science 1.jpg|thumb|200px|Omura's whale off Nosy Be]]

Recent studies indicate that adjacent waters around the channel between Nosy Be and Madagascar host a habitat for a notable number of Omura's whale, enabling researchers to conduct field studies of this rare species.

Coral reefs around Nosy Be are impacted by urbanization, the discharge of the sugar industry, and unregulated tourism.

Administration

The island constitutes a department within Diana Region and is organized as the City of Nosy Be (Commune Urbaine de Nosy Be). Its mayor is Mr. Vita Zarga.

Economy

Once a major location of sugar cane plantations and production of its derived products (sugar, rum), the island's main activities are now the plantation of ylang-ylang (for the production of essential oils) and tourism. Nosy Be is the most developed tourism destination in Madagascar. This is the only place in Madagascar where all-inclusive large resorts can be found. There are no traffic lights on the island, instead roundabouts are used.

Transportation

The island is served by Fascene Airport. The airport is served by commercial flights with Air Madagascar, Air Austral, Airlink, Ewa, Ethiopian Airlines, and has direct flights from Europe on Neos. Its main city and harbour, Hell-Ville, can be reached by boat from Ankify. On the island, travel via tuk-tuk, scooters, and boats is common alongside cars.

Education

French international schools:

• École primaire française Lamartine

Local public schools:

• EPP Andavakotoko
• EPP Galliéni
• EPP boulevard Manceaut (?)
• CEG Ambalakatakata
• Lycée mixte of Nosy Be

Twin towns—sister cities

Nosy Be is twinned with:

• ITA Naples, Italy

References

References

1. Sanchez SF. (2008). "Commerce régional et à longue distance dans l'ouest de Madagascar au XIXème siècle". Tsingy: Revue de l'association des professeurs d'histoire et de géographie de Madagascar.
2. « Sanchez S. F., Un mouvement antiabolitionniste et anticolonial : La révolte sakalava de 1849 dans le Nord-Ouest de Madagascar », in Ballarin M.-P., Derat M.-L., Médard H., Vernet T. (dir.), Traite et esclavage en Afrique Orientale et dans l'Océan Indien, Paris, Karthala, 2013, pp. 413–439
3. (2 January 2017). "Complex Strands: Changing Textile Trades in Western Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel in the Nineteenth Century, Evidence from Nosy Be Island". Textile History.
4. [https://www.academia.edu/5736600/De_l_engagisme_au_salariat_dans_le_Sud_Ouest_de_l_océan_Indien_La_colonie_de_plantation_de_Nosy_Be_Madagascar_1840_1960_co_écrit_avec_Faranirina_Rajaonah_Univ_Paris_Diderot Rajaonah F. & Sanchez S. F., "De l'engagisme au salariat dans le Sud-Ouest de l'océan Indien. La colonie de plantation de Nosy Be, Madagascar (1840–1960)", in Guerassimoff E. & Mande I. (dir.), Le travail colonial. Engagés et autres travailleurs migrants dans les empires 1850-1950 , Paris, Riveneuve, 2016, p.245-282]
5. « Sanchez S. F., "Persuasion, escarmouches, prises d'otages. L'exercice du pouvoir dans la colonie française de Nosy Be, Nord-Ouest de Madagascar (1839–1896)", in Chanson-Jabeur Ch., Morlat P., Forest A., Colonisations et Répressions, Paris, Les Indes Savantes, 2015, pp. 413–439
6. (2005). "Historical dictionary of Madagascar". Scarecrow Press.
7. Pierre Van de Boogaerde. (2009). "Shipwrecks of Madagascar". Strategic Book Publishing.
8. Alistair Horne. (2015). "Hubris. The Tragedy of War in the Twentieth Century". HarperCollins.
9. "A Madagascar, la folle rumeur qui a mené trois hommes sur le bûcher".
10. (2013-11-12). "Triple lynchage de Madagascar: coopération judiciaire difficile entre Paris et Antananarivo".
11. (2015-10-09). "Four sentenced to hard labour for life over Madagascar mob lynching".
12. Lowry, Linda L.. (2016-09-01). "The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Travel and Tourism". SAGE Publications.
13. {{cite gvp
14. "Nosy Be/Fascene Climate Normals 1961–1990".
15. [[Tim Flannery]] and Peter Schouten, ''Astonishing Animals: Extraordinary Creatures and the Fantastic Worlds They Inhabit''. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 2004. Page 126–127.
16. (2008). "Madagascar Wildlife". Bradt Travel Guides.
17. Sakalav Diving. (2012). "petit rorqual minke whale.avi". [[YouTube]].
18. Jefferson, Thomas, Marc A. Webber, and Robert L. Pitman. (2015). "Marine Mammals of the World: A Comprehensive Guide to their Identification". Academic.
19. Cerchio S.. (2015). "Omura's whales (Balaenoptera omurai) off northwest Madagascar: ecology, behaviour and conservation needs". [[Royal Society Open Science]].
20. (2000-10-12). "Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation". Oxford University Press, USA.
21. "Jacarandas cultivates Madagascar scents: from ylang-ylang to pink peppercorn".
22. "[http://www.aefe.fr/reseau-scolaire-mondial/rechercher-un-etablissement/madagascar-nosy-be-ecole-primaire-francaise École primaire française Lamartine]." [[AEFE]]. Retrieved on May 7, 2015.
23. Vacca, Maria Luisa. "Comune di Napoli -Gemellaggi". Comune di Napoli.