Norwegian railway signaling

Train radio

Between 1993 and 1996, NSB rolled out the analog train radio system Scanet. Developed by Ascom Radiocom, it was only installed on the primary railway lines. The system allows radio communication between a train dispatcher, and train drivers and other users involved in railway operations. Scanet was also connected to the automatic train control system. However, several lines lack the system, including the Arendal Line, the Flåm Line, the Meråker Line, the Nordland Line, the Rauma Line, the Røros Line, the Inner Østfold Line, the northern part of the Gjøvik Line, and several tunnels along the Bergen Line and the Sørland Line. The Åsta accident in 2000 spurred the need to give all parts of the railway coverage with train radio. On these lines, the dispatcher and drivers had to communicate using the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT 450) standard, a system which the operator Telenor discontinued in 2002.

Scanet was replaced by Global System for Mobile Communication – Railway (GSM-R) between 2004 2007, with the systems first being installed on the lines without Scanet. The system, delivered by Nokia Siemens Networks, was on time and on budget, and made Norway one of the first countries to fully implement the system throughout Europe. After GSM-R was fully implemented on 1 November, Scanet was gradually closed. The new system has been characterized as simpler to use and giving better audio quality than Scanet. The implementation cost 1.8 billion Norwegian krone and covers the entire network.

Means of signalling

The following means of signalling are used:

• Signal flags
• Hand-held signal lamps
• Signal whistle
• Arm signals
• Fixed light signals
• Fixed sound signals
• Signal signs
• Orientation posts
• Locomotive whistle
• Locomotive and train signal lamps

The fundamental meaning of the signal colors

• Red always indicates "stop".
• Violet indicates that the associated level crossing signal is showing "Stop short of the level crossing".
• Yellow indicates "caution".
• Green indicates "permission to run".
• White indicates "clear line".

Light signals

Light signals show one of the following aspects:

Main signals

Fail safe

If one of the green lights in signal 22 fails, the indication becomes the lower speed signal 21 – this is fail-safe. Other nearby countries reverse the role of the single green aspect and double green aspect.

Distant signals

Wrong-side failure

If the yellow light in signal 24 fails, the signal displays a higher speed indication, which would be a wrong-side failure. To prevent this, a current transformer in the lamp circuit monitors the current through the yellow lamp. If the yellow lamp fails, a relay will also switch off the green light and the signal becomes totally dark, which is then treated as "expect stop." A capacitor in the relay circuit ensures that the relay operation is a couple of seconds delayed, to prevent the relay operating for every blink. Hence, if the yellow lamp does suddenly fail, the green light will blink alone 1-2 times before it is switched off by the relay.

Warning systems

Norway uses the Ericsson ATP warning system, also used on Perth's suburban railway network.

References

References

1. Solberg, Bjørn Olav. (1994). "Train radio system for Norwegian State Railways". [[Telenor]].
2. Enghaug, Paul. (11 February 2002). "NSBs nye togradio holder bare fem år". [[Aftenposten]].
3. Melsom, Jens. (10 January 2002). "Kommentarer til høring– Fremtidig bruk at NMT-450 frekvensbåndene". [[Norwegian Post and Telecommunications Authority]].
4. (1 November 2007). "GSM-R tatt i bruk som togradio". [[Computer Weekly]].
5. Savvas, Antony. (19 November 2007). "Norwegian rail system migrates to mobile network to improve safety". [[Computer Weekly]].
6. (6 July 2007). "Høring – Endring av togframføringsforskriften og signalforskriften bl.a. som følge av innføring av GSM-R som togradio mv.". [[Norwegian Railway Inspectorate]].
7. Nørbeck, Fredrik. (2008). "GSM-R". [[National Union of Norwegian Locomotivemen]].