North Berwick witch trials

The Danish connection

This was the first major witchcraft persecution in Scotland, and began with a sensational case involving the royal houses of Denmark-Norway and Scotland. King James VI sailed to Copenhagen to marry Anne of Denmark, sister of Christian IV of Denmark. During their return to Scotland they experienced terrible storms and had to shelter in Norway for several weeks before continuing. At this point, the interest in witch trials were revived in Denmark because of ongoing Trier witch trials in Germany, which were described and discussed in Denmark.

The admiral of the Danish fleet, Peder Munk argued with the treasurer Christoffer Valkendorff about the state of the ships used to transport Anne of Denmark. The storms were blamed on the wife of an official in Copenhagen whom he had insulted. The Copenhagen witch trials were held in July 1590. One of the first Danish victims was Anna Koldings, who, when tortured, divulged the names of five other women; one of whom was Malin, the wife of the burgomaster of Helsingor. They all confessed that they had been guilty of sorcery in raising storms that menaced Queen Anne's voyage, and that on Halloween night they had sent devils to climb up the keel of her ship. In September, two women were burnt as witches at Kronborg. James heard news from Denmark regarding this and decided to set up his own tribunal, imagining an international conspiracy of witches.

Accused

The main alleged witches directly involved in the trials were:

• Agnes Sampson
• Barbara Napier, sister-in-law of Archibald Douglas of Carshogle.
• Doctor Fian (John Cunningham)
• Euphame MacCalzean
• Geillis Duncan
• Robert Grierson
• Lennit Bandilandis
• The Porter's wife of Seaton
• The Smith of bridge Hallis
• The Wife of George Mott - Margaret Acheson
• Alanis Muir
• Others not named

More than 100 suspected witches in North Berwick were arrested. Several confessed under torture to having met with the Devil in the church at night, and devoted themselves to doing evil, including poisoning the King and other members of his household, and attempting to sink the King's ship. In February 1591 James VI instructed David Seton or Seaton of Tranent to find accused people who had fled to England. The English ambassador Robert Bowes wrote that these fugitives were "the worst sort of witches". David Seton's servant Geillis Duncan had been one of the first accused.

Two significant accused persons were Agnes Sampson, a respected and elderly woman from Humbie, and Dr John Fian, a schoolmaster and scholar in Prestonpans. Both initially refused to confess and were put to severe torture. Sampson was brought before King James and a council of nobles. She denied all the charges, but after torture, she confessed. By special commandment, her head and body hair was shaved and she was fastened to the wall of her cell by a scold's bridle, an iron instrument with 4 sharp prongs forced into the mouth, so that two prongs pressed against the tongue, and the two others against the cheeks. She was kept without sleep and thrown with a rope around her head. After these ordeals she confessed to the 53 indictments against her. She was finally strangled and burned as a witch. According to Newes from Scotland, (1591), Sampson confessed to attending a Sabbat with 200 witches, including Giellis Duncan.

Dr. Fian also suffered severe torture. His fingernails were forcibly extracted, then iron pins were inserted. He was tortured with the pilliwinks, and the boot. Fian was finally taken to the Castlehill in Edinburgh and burned at the stake on 16 December. Fian's testimony implicated Francis Stewart, 5th Earl of Bothwell in a supernatural conspiracy, bringing a political element into the ongoing trials. According to Christopher Smout, between 3,000 and 4,000 accused witches may have been killed in Scotland in the years 1560–1707.

Geillis Duncan

Scottish witches were linked to storms by the testimony of Gillis Duncan (or Geillis Duncan). She was a servant of David Seaton in Tranent, who forced her to make a confession. Apparently Duncan suddenly began to exhibit a miraculous healing ability and would sneak out of the house during the night. When Seaton confronted her, she could not explain her new ability and strange behaviour and he had her tortured. Whilst she was able to withstand many forms of torture including pilliwinks, she eventually confessed to witchcraft when the method of searching was used (searching is where a suspected witch would be 'searched' for a blemish such as a mole or birth mark, this would then be proclaimed to be a witch's mark) and accused many others of witchcraft. According to the contemporary pamphlet Newes from Scotland, 1591, she named numerous individuals, both women and men:

Duncan was also found to have conspired with Euphame MacCalzean in the murder of Duncan's godfather.

Barbara Napier

Barbara Napier came from a good family and had married a book dealer named George Ker in 1572. George died at La Rochelle in 1576, and she then married Archibald Douglas whose brother Robert Douglas was the laird of Corshogill. Her family included a daughter, Janet Douglas.

Gillis Duncan caused the arrest of Barbara Naper for bewitching to death Archibald Douglas, 8th Earl of Angus. Archibald was reported to have died from a disease so strange there could be no cure or remedy. He fell ill at Langhope and died at Smeaton near Dalkeith on 4 August 1588.

It was alleged that Euphame MacCalzean, Barbara Napier, Agnes Sampson and others had attended an assembly of witches at "Atkynson's Haven" where an image of James VI was given to the devil for the destruction of the king.

Napier had bought charms to help her own health and to try and fix her poor relationship with Jean Lyon, Countess of Angus who employed her and her husband. They did not work as she lost her job. When it all came to trial, Napier was accused of a practice to kill the king by witchcraft but was found guilty of only the lesser crime of conspiring with witches. James VI ordered the Chancellor to have physicians examine her to see if she was pregnant, and if she was not, to have her burnt and publicly disembowelled.

James VI wanted an appeal to overturn the first verdict, in order to better prosecute the Earl of Bothwell, and an "assize of error" was planned. James VI spoke the jurors, who faced penalties for their former decision, on 7 June 1591, and they agreed with his views. Her fate is unclear, and it is possible that she was eventually burnt to death. The town council bought materials to build a fire for her execution and these were used on 25 June 1591 at the burning of Euphame MacCalzean. The opinion of the 17th-century historian of the Douglas family, David Hume of Godscroft, was that she had been released.

Apology from Scottish government

In March 2022 Nicola Sturgeon, the First Minister of Scotland, apologised for the persecution of alleged witches during the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries. The Scottish Government had not apologised previously.

Popular culture

Shakespeare adapted or was influenced by several concepts from the trials, including the rituals confessed by the witches and the Scottish setting, in his tragedy Macbeth. Heavily influenced by the incidents made public, the play was published a few years after King James's Daemonologie. Borrowing many quotes from the treatise, the three witches cast their spells in the same manner: "purposely to be cassin into the sea to raise winds for destruction of ships."

The trials and the events leading up to them are fictionalised in the 1971 young adult historical novel The Thirteenth Member by Mollie Hunter.

Heavy/doom metal group Cathedral has a song called "North Berwick Witch Trials" on their 2005 album The Garden of Unearthly Delights.

Diana Gabaldon's Outlander series of novels features a recurring character named Geillis Duncan who is tried and convicted of being a witch. In the television adaptation she is portrayed by Lotte Verbeek.

Shadow of Night (All Souls series book #2) by Deborah Harkness, although not taking place in Scotland, mentions the North Berwick Witch Trials and the trials are used to shape some of the plot points and events that occur in the book. Additionally, the two main characters, Diana and Matthew travel to the past, to Elizabethan England on Halloween night 1590 at the beginning of the book.

The Burnings, a 2023 debut novel by Naomi Kelsey, describes the North Berwick witch trials from the perspectives of Geillis Duncan and of Margaret Vinstarr, who was married to John Wemyss of Logie and was a lady-in-waiting for princess Anne of Denmark, Queen of Scotland by marriage (at age 14) to King James VI.

References

Citations

Bibliography

• .

References

1. Maurice Lee, ''John Maitland of Thirlestane'' (Princeton University Press, 1959), p. 229.
2. Gibson, Marion. (2024-01-16). "Witchcraft: A History in Thirteen Trials". Simon and Schuster.
3. Louise Nyholm Kallestrup, ''Heksejagt'' (Aarhus Universitetsforlag, 2020).
4. Ankarloo, B., Clark, S. & Monter, E. W. ''Witchcraft and Magic in Europe'', p. 79
5. Ethel Carleton Williams, ''Anne of Denmark'' (London, 1970).
6. James Grant, ''Old and New Edinburgh'', vol. 3 p. 9.
7. Survey of Scottish Witchcraft Database, University of Edinburgh
8. Joseph Bain, ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 457 no. 520.
9. Louise Yeoman, 'Hunting the rich witch in Scotland', [[Julian Goodare]], ''The Scottish Witch Hunt in Context'' (Manchester, 2002), p. 108.
10. Rosen, Barbara. (1969). "Witchcraft in England, 1558–1618". Univ of Massachusetts Press.
11. Guiley, Rosemary. (2008). "The Encyclopedia of Witches, Witchcraft and Wicca". Infobase.
12. Tyson, Donald. (2012). "The Demonology of King James I: Includes the Original Text of Daemonologie and News from Scotland". Llewellyn Worldwide.
13. (1912). "The Witch Persecution in Scotland". University of Pennsylvania. Dept. of History.
14. ''Newes from Scotland'' (London, 1591), reprinted in Robert Pitcairn, ''Ancient Criminal Trials in Scotland'', vol. 1, pt. 2 (Edinburgh, 1833), pp. 215-223.
15. David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 397.
16. Winifred Coutts, ''The Business of the College of Justice in 1600'' (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 2003), pp. 183-4.
17. David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 396-8.
18. ''Calendar of State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), p. 530: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ''Satan's Conspiracy: Magic and Witchcraft in Sixteenth-century Scotland'' (Tuckwell: East Linton, 2001), p. 146-7.
19. ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 510, 514-5.
20. ''Calendar State Papers Scotland'', vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1936), pp. 518, 520, 522-5.
21. (2004). "North Berwick witches (act. 1590–1592) {{!}} Oxford Dictionary of National Biography".
22. [[Marguerite Wood]], ''Extracts from the Records of the Burgh of Edinburgh: 1589-1603'' (Edinburgh, 1927), p. 334.
23. David Reid, ''David Hume of Godscroft's History of the House of Angus'', vol. 2 (Edinburgh, 2005), p. 398.
24. Cramer, Maria. (9 March 2022). "Scotland Apologizes for History of Witchcraft Persecution". The New York Times.
25. Susan Dunn-Hensley, ''Anna of Denmark and Henrietta Maria, Virgins, Witches, and Catholic Queens'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 64-67.
26. ''[[Macbeth]]'', I. iii. 15-25
27. Lye, Andy. "Cathedral - ''The Garden of Unearthly Delights'' review".
28. Andreeva, Nellie. (October 17, 2013). "''Outlander'' & ''The Black Box'' Cast Regulars".