Norman Granz

Biography

Born in Boyle Heights, Los Angeles, Granz was the son of Jewish immigrants from Tiraspol (now in Moldova). After school, he began work as a stock clerk on the Los Angeles stock exchange. When America joined the Second World War, he was drafted into the U.S. Army Air Force. Subsequently, he was posted to the Morale branch, the department charged with troops' entertainment.

He then emerged into the public view when he organised desegregated jam sessions at the Trouville Club in Los Angeles, which he later expanded when he staged a memorable concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium in Los Angeles on Sunday, July 2, 1944, under the heading of "Jazz at the Philharmonic".

The title of the concert, "A Jazz Concert at the Philharmonic Auditorium", had been shortened by the printer of the advertising supplements to "Jazz at the Philharmonic". Only one copy of the first concert program is known to exist. Norman Granz had organised the first Jazz at the Philharmonic concert with about $300 of borrowed money. Later known as JATP, the ever-changing group recorded and toured extensively, with Granz producing some of the first live jam session recordings to be distributed to a wide market.

After several JATP concerts in Los Angeles in 1944 and 1945, Granz began producing JATP concert tours, from late fall of 1945 to 1957 in USA and Canada, and from 1952 in Europe. They featured swing and bop musicians and were among the first high-profile performances to feature racially integrated bands. Granz actually cancelled some bookings rather than have the musicians perform for segregated audiences. He recorded many of the JATP concerts, and from 1945 to 1947 sold/leased the recordings to Asch/Disc/Stinson Records (record producer Moses Asch's labels).

In 1948, Granz signed an agreement with Mercury Records for the promotion and the distribution of the JATP recordings and other recordings. After the agreement expired in 1953 he issued the JATP recordings and other recordings on Clef Records (founded 1946) and Norgran Records (founded 1953). Down Home Records was intended for traditional jazz works. In 1956, Granz also signed an agreement with the A&R Ben Selvin to showcase several JATP recordings within the RCA Thesaurus library, including performances by such jazz luminaries as Count Basie, Roy Eldridge, Ella Fitzgerald, Stan Getz, Gene Krupa, Oscar Peterson, and Art Tatum. Jazz at the Philharmonic ceased touring the United States and Canada after the JATP concerts in the fall of 1957, apart from a North American Tour in 1967.

Personal life

Granz married three times. In 1950, he married Loretta (née Snyder) Sullivan from Michigan; they had a daughter together, Stormont Granz, who was disabled due to lack of oxygen during the birth. They separated in 1953 and divorced in 1955. In 1974, he married Grete Lyngby from Denmark.

Granz was also interested in art, developing a friendship with Pablo Picasso, whom he met in 1968.

Granz died of cancer on November 22, 2001, at the age of 83, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Racial equality efforts

Norman Granz opposed racism and fought many battles for his artists, many of whom were black. In 1955, in Houston, he removed signs that previously designated "White" and "Negro" restrooms outside the auditorium where two concerts were to be performed by Ella Fitzgerald and Dizzy Gillespie. Between the two shows, Fitzgerald and Gillespie and Illinois Jacquet were shooting small-stakes dice in the dressing room to kill time, when the local police barged in and arrested them. After some negotiations, the artists were allowed to perform the second show and later were formally released on $50 bail. Granz was incensed by the incident and insisted on fighting the charges in court, which was successful but cost him over $2,000.

Oscar Peterson recounted how Granz once insisted that white cabdrivers take his black artists as customers, while a policeman pointed a loaded pistol at his stomach. Granz also was among the first to pay white and black artists the same salary, and to give them equal treatment even in minor details such as dressing rooms. He insisted on equal treatment for singer Ella Fitzgerald, in both pay and hotel accommodations.

Granz also spearheaded the fight to desegregate the hotels and casinos in Las Vegas, arguing that it was unfair that black artists could perform on the stages, but could not stay or gamble at the hotels, or even enter through the front doors.

Recordings

Many top-flight talents in jazz history recorded for one of Norman Granz's labels, including Louis Armstrong, Count Basie, Louie Bellson, Benny Carter, Buck Clayton, Buddy DeFranco, Roy Eldridge, Herb Ellis, Tal Farlow, Ella Fitzgerald, Slim Gaillard, Stan Getz, Dizzy Gillespie, Lionel Hampton, Coleman Hawkins, Johnny Hodges, Billie Holiday, Illinois Jacquet, Hank Jones, Gene Krupa, Anita O'Day, Charlie Parker, Joe Pass, Oscar Peterson, Flip Phillips, Bud Powell, Buddy Rich, Mort Sahl, Sonny Stitt, Art Tatum, Ben Webster, and Lester Young.

Granz saw to it that his musicians were well paid. In the segregated society of the 1940s, he insisted on equal pay and accommodation for white and Black musicians. He refused to take his hugely popular concerts to places that were segregated, even if he had to cancel concerts, thereby sacrificing considerable sums of money.

In 1944, Granz and Gjon Mili produced the jazz film Jammin' the Blues, which starred Lester Young, Illinois Jacquet, Barney Kessel, Harry Edison, Jo Jones, Sidney Catlett, Marlowe Morris, and Marie Bryant, and was nominated for an Academy Award.

It was in 1956 that Granz created Verve Records to distribute albums by Ella Fitzgerald, his new client. Granz had recently become her manager, and unified his recording activities including back catalogue of his previous labels Clef and Norgran under the common Verve imprint. Granz would manage Fitzgerald for the rest of her career. Fitzgerald's memorable series of eight Songbooks, together with the duet series (notably Armstrong-Peterson, Fitzgerald-Basie, Fitzgerald-Pass and Getz-Peterson) achieved wide popularity and brought acclaim to the label and to the artists. Granz was also the manager of Oscar Peterson, another lifelong friend.

In 1959, Norman Granz moved to Switzerland. In December 1960, Verve Records was sold to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.

Granz founded his last label, Pablo Records, in 1973. He sold Pablo to Fantasy Records in 1989.

References

References

1. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1363458/Norman-Granz.html "Norman Granz" (obituary)], ''[[The Daily Telegraph. The Telegraph]]'', November 26, 2001
2. Freedland, Michael. (November 26, 2001). "Norman Granz - Verve record label founder who gave jazz respectability and integrated audiences". [[The Guardian]].
3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423125846/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/norman-granz-729533.html Obituary Norman Granz]. ''The Independent''. London. November 25, 2001. Retrieved November 20, 2008.
4. (1992). "[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music". [[Guinness Publishing]].
5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=iwoEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Ben+Selvin+RCA+Thesaurus&pg=PA39 The Billboard Music-Radio - "Thesaurus in Pact for Granz Transcriptions" 18 August 1956 p. 39 Ben Selvin RCA Thesaurus on Google Books.com]
6. (September 22, 2013). "Loretta Granz Obituary". [[Los Angeles Times]].
7. (April 26, 1968). "Court Rebuff to Impresario's Wife London". The Kansas City Times.
8. Richard Severo. (November 27, 2001). "Norman Granz, Who Took Jazz Out of Smoky Clubs and Put It in Concert Halls, Dies at 83". [[The New York Times]].
9. Jessica Bissett Perea. "Fitzgerald, Ella." ''Grove Music Online''. ''Oxford Music Online''. Oxford University Press. Web. October 10, 2017. [http://0-www.oxfordmusiconline.com.ignacio.usfca.edu/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2275792]{{Dead link. (February 2022)