Newspaper of record

Newspapers of ''public'' record

A "newspaper of public record", or government gazette, refers to a publicly available newspaper that is authorized by a government to publish public or legal notices. It is often established by statute or official action and publication of notices within it, whether by the government or a private party, is considered sufficient to comply with legal requirements for public notice. Such gazettes may have minimal or no editorial content (opinion articles), and are focused on public notification of state services and state decisions; an example is Latvia's Latvijas Vēstnesis.

In some jurisdictions, privately owned newspapers may register with the government to publish public and legal notices, or be otherwise eligible to publish such notices (terms used may include "newspaper of general circulation" among others). Likewise, a private newspaper may be designated by the courts for publication of legal notices, such as notices of fictitious business names, if judicial and statutory standards are met. These are sometimes called "legally adjudicated newspapers".

Government organs

The term "newspapers of public record" can also denote those owned and operated by a government that directs their entire editorial content. Such newspapers, while pejoratively termed "state mouthpieces", can also be called "official newspapers of record", independently of whether they publish legal notices – distinguishing them from a gazette whose primary role is to publish notices, as their entire content represents the official view and doctrine of the state. This kind of official newspaper is distinct from newspapers of record by reputation, and is liable to fail the reputation criterion due to its governmental control. The word "official" can be used to distinguish them from "newspapers of record by reputation". Examples include Russia's Rossiyskaya Gazeta, North Korea's Rodong Sinmun, and China's People's Daily.

Newspapers of record ''by reputation''

The second type of "newspaper of record" (also "journal of record", or in French presse de référence) is not defined by formal criteria, and its characteristics vary. The category comprises newspapers that are considered to meet high standards of journalism, including editorial independence (particularly from the government and from its owners), accountability (mistakes are acknowledged), attention to detail and accuracy, and comprehensiveness and balance of coverage; they are regarded internationally (as well as in their own country/region) by major global outlets.

Despite changes in society, newspapers of record by reputation have historically tended to maintain a similar tone, coverage, style, and traditions; many are over a century old and some over two centuries old (e.g., Neue Zürcher Zeitung, The Times, The Guardian, Le Figaro, and The Sydney Morning Herald). Newspapers of record by reputation can be respected for the accuracy and quality of their reporting and still be either ideologically conservative (e.g., The Wall Street Journal and The Telegraph) or ideologically liberal (e.g., The Washington Post and The Guardian).

Although many countries are proud of their newspapers of record by reputation, in some countries they face an openly hostile state or political system that tries to suppress their press freedoms. Examples include Turkey's Cumhuriyet, where many of the staff have been imprisoned; Panama's La Prensa, where staff have been shot and the owners forced into exile; and Venezuela's El Nacional, which was forced out of print when the state seized its assets (see examples of fallen newspapers of record).

Etymology

The term is believed to have originated among librarians who began referring to The New York Times as the "newspaper of record" when it became the first U.S. newspaper in 1913 to publish an index of the subjects it covered. In recognition of that usage, The New York Times held an essay contest in 1927 in which entrants had to demonstrate "The Value of The New York Times Index and Files as a Newspaper of Record". The New York Times, and other newspapers of its type sought to chronicle events, acting as a record of the day's announcements, schedules, directories, proceedings, transcripts, and appointments. By 2004, The New York Times no longer considered itself a newspaper of record in the original, literal sense.

Over time, historians relied on The New York Times and similar titles as a reliable archival and historical record of significant past events, and a gauge of societal opinions at the time of printing. The term "newspaper of record" evolved from its original literal sense to that newer meaning.

The derived term "financial (or business) newspaper of record" is attributed to The Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, and to the Nihon Keizai Shimbun (Nikkei). While newspapers of record by reputation are typically major widely-read national (and international) publications, subject-specific newspapers of record also exist (see examples of subject-specific newspapers of record).

Examples of existing newspapers

Examples of fallen newspapers

Over time, some established newspapers of record by reputation have lost their status due to financial collapse, take-over or merger by another entity that did not have the same standards or allowed increased government control and suppression of the paper's editorial independence. The existence of newspapers of record by reputation is an aspect of the level of press freedom and political freedom in a country, with major first-world democracies having several such newspapers (e.g. United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Canada, Italy and Japan); in contrast, countries that have seen a decline in their newspapers of record by reputation can represent a decline in levels of personal and political freedom (e.g. Zimbabwe, Venezuela, and Cambodia).

Examples include:

• Zimbabwe's The Herald lost its status as an established newspaper of record when it was eventually taken over by Robert Mugabe's Zanu-PF party.
• Venezuela's newspaper of record, El Nacional, was forced out of print by the state in 2018, and its headquarters was given to a high-ranking official.
• London-based pan-Arab newspaper of record, Al-Hayat, ceased publication in 2020 due to financial and political pressures.
• In Cambodia, the Hun Sen administration forced both of Cambodia's newspapers of record out of business using contrived tax fines that resulted in the closure of The Cambodia Daily in 2017, and the sale of The Phnom Penh Post to a close ally of the Hun Sen administration in 2018.
• Latvian newspaper Diena saw its established status as a newspaper of record diminish after a 2010 takeover, with the Historical Dictionary of Latvia (2017) listing it as "holding tenuously to a popular newspaper-of-record sentiment at home and abroad" due to "questions of ownership and if said owners influence newspaper content".
• Népszabadság, Hungary's de facto newspaper of record, ceased publication in 2016 due to political and financial pressure.

Notes

References

Works cited

References

1. (1998). "Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link". Praeger Publishers.
2. (1998). "Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link". Praeger Publishers.
3. (1990). "Black's Law Dictionary, 6th edn.". West Publishing.
4. House, Freedom. (13 September 2004). "Nations in Transit 2004: Democratization in East Central Europe and Eurasia". Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
5. See, for example, L.N. 362 of 1997 of The Government of The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Gazette
6. For example, see [http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/Docs/LG/htm/LG.52.htm#52.004 Texas Local Government Code - Section 52.004. Official Newspaper] {{Webarchive. link. (9 June 2016)
7. "1.12 Official Newspaper - City of McCleary".
8. "California Government Code, Sec. 6000 - 6008". California State Legislature.
9. "New York Consolidated Laws, General Construction Law - GCN § 60".
10. "Fictitious Names: Adjudicated Newspapers". [[Sonoma County, California.
11. Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr. (July 2017). "International Law in the Relations of Ukraine and the Russian Federation". K.I.S.
12. (January 2021). "City profile: Is Pyongyang a post-socialist city?". [[Cities (journal).
13. Manuel, Ryan. (14 December 2017). "China is furious and Australia should expect more backlash after questioning its influence".
14. Salles, Chloë. (January 2010). "Media Coverage of the Internet: An Acculturation Strategy for Press of Record?". Innovation Journalism.
15. (1998). "Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link". Praeger Publishers.
16. (1998). "Newspapers of Record in a Digital Age: From Hot Type to Hot Link". Praeger Publishers.
17. Okrent, Daniel. (25 April 2004). "Paper of Record? No Way, No Reason, No Thanks". [[The New York Times]].
18. "Newspapers".
19. Roush, Chris. (2006). "Profits and Losses: Business Journalism and Its Role in Society". Marion Street Press.
20. Brooks, Richard. (2014). "The Great Tax Robbery: How Britain Became a Tax Haven for Fat Cats and Big Business". [[Oneworld Publications]].
21. Vigón, Mercedes. (12 July 2013). "Journalism ethics is 'personal and non-transferable'".
22. Beezley, William H.. (September 2021). "Latin America 2020-2022". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
23. (14 October 2011). "What We're Reading". [[The New York Times]].
24. "Die Presse - Die Geschichte".
25. Baber, Katherine. (18 May 2022). ""American First Aid": Jerome Robbins and Leonard Bernstein at the Salzburg Festival, 1959". Journal of Austrian-American History.
26. (18 October 2018). "The German Predicament: Memory and Power in the New Europe". Cornell University Press.
27. (September 2021). "Latin America 2020-2022". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
28. Roy, Anupam Debashis. (January 2020). "Not All Springs End Winter". Adarsha.
29. Sklair, Leslie. (November 2020). "The Anthropocene in Global Media: Neutralizing the Risk". [[Routledge]].
30. Toussaint, Éric. (July 2012). "A Glance in the Rearview Mirror: Neoliberal Ideology from its Origins to its Present". [[Haymarket Books]].
31. Art, David. (May 2011). "Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe". [[Cambridge University Press]].
32. Field, Thomas C., Jr.. (2014). "From Development to Dictatorship: Bolivia and the Alliance for Progress in the Kennedy Era". Cornell University Press.
33. Robinson, Laura. (July 2022). "Institutional trauma across the Americas: Covid-19 as slow crisis". Sage Publishing.
34. Fabricio, Roberto. (16 April 1992). "Brazilian Officers Issue Manifesto". Sun-Sentinel.
35. (December 2013). "The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender". [[Routledge]].
36. (2012-01-27). "Les parlementaires québécois et Le Devoir dans le monde des médias". Communication.
37. (25 August 2008). "Where's Mario". [[Maclean's]].
38. (10 October 2008). "Endorsements, opinions flourish in Quebec". [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
39. (5 February 2024). "The Globe and Mail".
40. Buchanan, Carrie. (March 2009). "Sense of Place in the Daily Newspaper". Aether: The Journal of Media Geography.
41. Jiwani, Yasmin. (2009). "Helpless Maidens and Chivalrous Knights: Afghan Women in the Canadian Press". [[University of Toronto Quarterly]].
42. (2011). "Networked Disease: Emerging Infections in the Global City". John Wiley & Sons.
43. (2014). "Women in Politics and Media: Perspectives from Nations in Transition". [[Bloomsbury Academic]].
44. Rathbone, John Paul. (3 June 2013). "The history and politics of Colombian media". [[Financial Times]].
45. (9 March 2001). "Terror of the Black Hand (Part 1)". [[The Irish Times]].
46. "Así nació El Espectador".
47. (11 June 2021). "134 years of defending freedom of expression".
48. "Journalists in the Front Lines Of Colombia's Cocaine War".
49. (17 April 2014). "Mort de Gabriel Garcia Marquez, légende de la littérature".
50. (2003). "Media Power in Central America". [[University of Illinois Press]].
51. (2007). "Noisy Regimes, Causal Processes, and Democratic Consolidation: The Case of Costa Rica". [[University of North Carolina Press]].
52. (2025). "The Routledge Handbook of Political Communication in Ibero-America". [[Routledge]].
53. Bermel, Neil. (2007). "Linguistic Authority, Language Ideology, and Metaphor: The Czech Orthography Wars". [[De Gruyter]].
54. "Berlingske".
55. Morris, Kieran. (20 February 2020). "What Noma did next: how the 'New Nordic' is reshaping the food world". [[The Guardian]].
56. {{harvnb. Buckman. 2007
57. Roorda, Eric Paul. (2016). "Historical Dictionary of the Dominican Republic". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
58. (2003). "Media and publishing in Ecuador".
59. {{harvnb. Buckman. 2007
60. (July 2018). "Middle Eastern and North African Societies in the Interwar Period". [[Brill Publishers]].
61. Perreault, Gregory. (2011). "Islam is Everywhere": Coverage of Islam in the English Egyptian Press". Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly.
62. Bein, Amit. (December 2017). "Kemalist Turkey and the Middle East: International Relations in the Interwar Period". [[Cambridge University Press]].
63. Cook, Steven A.. (2012). "The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square". Oxford University Press.
64. (2013). "Finland's Holocaust: Silences of History". Springer.
65. (12 February 2010). "Le Figaro opts for freemium web model". The Guardian.
66. Ballarini, Loïc. (2020). "The Independence of the News Media: Francophone Research on Media, Economics and Politics". Palgrave Macmillan.
67. "Le Monde, whose print edition comes out around lunchtime, was launched at the end of Nazi occupation of France in 1944 and took on the role of France's newspaper of record alongside the more conservative Le Figaro." - [https://www.reuters.com/article/france-lemonde-idUSL6N0O03TH20140514 France's Le Monde newspaper editor quits after power struggle with staff] {{Webarchive. link. (10 March 2016 , [[Reuters]], 14 May 2014)
68. Bryant, Elizabeth. (2006-10-27). "A capital crisis may bring down leftist French paper / Liberation, founded in 1968, has seen circulation plummet".
69. Fuller, Thomas. (25 August 2003). "World of Le Monde looks set to expand". [[International Herald Tribune]].
70. (12 January 2014). "France profile". [[BBC News]].
71. Zerofsky, Elisabeth. (11 November 2017). "How a German Newspaper Became the Go-To Place for Leaks Like the Paradise Papers". [[The New Yorker]].
72. "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung {{!}} German newspaper".
73. Pfanner, Eric. (13 March 2011). "Gloves Off in German Media Scramble". [[The New York Times]].
74. (2022). "Modern Germany". ABC-CLIO.
75. Clogg, Richard. (February 2018). "Greek to Me: A Memoir of Academic Life". [[I.B. Tauris]].
76. (30 June 2011). "Greece's agony: What have we become?".
77. (2003). "Media Power in Central America". University of Illinois Press.
78. Rhodes, Leara. (2001). "Democracy and the Role of the Haitian Media". [[Edwin Mellen Press]].
79. Roberts, Shearon. (2015). "Then and Now: Haitian Journalism as Resistance to US Occupation and US-Led Reconstruction". [[University of California, Santa Barbara]].
80. Pepper, Suzanne. (June 2007). "Keeping Democracy at Bay: Hong Kong and the Challenge of Chinese Political Reform". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
81. Lanchester, John. (2008). "Family Romance: A Love Story". Penguin.
82. (2015-03-02). "Iceland: Paper published back to front in nod to history". BBC News.
83. Bjarnason, Egill. (201). "How Iceland Changed the World: The Big History of a Small Island". Penguin.
84. (21 February 1991). "The Political Economy of Hunger: Volume 1: Entitlement and Well-being". Clarendon Press.
85. (22 July 2013). "The Sun Never Sets: South Asian Migrants in an Age of U.S. Power". NYU Press.
86. (18 December 2014). "The Muslim World and Politics in Transition: Creative Contributions of the Gülen Movement". A&C Black.
87. Caulfield, Mike. (8 January 2017). "National Newspapers of Record". Self-published.
88. (1999). "The Politics of Post-Suharto Indonesia". [[Council on Foreign Relations.
89. (8 December 2021). "Indonesia: Media Landscape".
90. "Iran Media Guide". FRONTLINE - Tehran Bureau.
91. (May 2010). "Journalism in Iran: From Mission to Profession". [[Routledge]].
92. Mercille, Julien. (March 2014). "The role of the media in fiscal consolidation programmes: the case of Ireland". Oxford University Press.
93. Dwan, David. (April 2009). "The Irish Times, book review". [[Evening Standard.
94. (16 September 2008). "Israel — Hebrew- and English-Language Media Guide".
95. Levey, Gregory. (21 August 2008). "Pushing right-wing American politics — in Israel". [[Salon (website).
96. Rosen, Brant. (11 May 2010). "Alan Dershowitz and the Politics of Desperation". [[The Huffington Post]].
97. Gorenberg, Gershom. (September 2002). "The Thin Green Line". [[Mother Jones (magazine).
98. Israely, Jeff. (1 June 2003). "Editing Out Criticism".
99. Grove, Lloyd. (6 February 1998). "Diplomatic Affinity". [[Los Angeles Times]].
100. Thurman, Judith. (24 June 2010). "Debenedetti Confesses!".
101. (20 August 2007). "Confindustria plans Il Sole float". Financial Times.
102. (14 February 2024). "An Industrial West? A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Newspapers Discourses about Technology over One Hundred and Ten Years (1830-1940)".
103. (3 July 2023). "Italy media guide". [[BBC News Online]].
104. (September 2021). "Latin America 2020-2022". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
105. (1990). "Mass Media and the Caribbean". Taylor & Francis.
106. Brasor, Philip. (27 November 2021). "Reporter's death puts spotlight on shifting media landscape". [[The Japan Times]].
107. (February 2009). "The Next Frontier: National Development, Political Change, and the Death Penalty in Asia". [[Oxford University Press]].
108. (December 2019). "Trust and Mistrust in Contemporary Japanese Politics". [[Routledge]].
109. Culpepper, Pepper D.. (January 2011). "Quiet Politics and Business Power: Corporate Control in Europe and Japan (Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics)". [[Cambridge University Press]].
110. (2008). "Changing Representations of Homelessness in Japanese Newspapers". Journal of Osaka Jogakuin 4year College.
111. "They're reading about it in Japan – Manuel Delia".
112. "Historical Perspective". nationaudio.com.
113. Benesch, Susan. (21 March 2013). "The Kenyan Elections: Peace Happened". The Huffington Post.
114. (2011). "Newspaper coverage of post political election violence in Africa: an assessment of the Kenyan example". Media, War & Conflict.
115. (2016). "Lebanon's Al-Akhbar and Radical Press Culture: Toward an Intellectual History of the Contemporary Arab Left". Arab Studies Institute.
116. Corfield, Justin. (2010). "Historical Dictionary of Singapore". [[Rowman & Littlefield.
117. Raslan, Karim. (5 June 2017). "A writer's writer: the life and times of Malaysia's Rehman Rashid". South China Morning Post.
118. (2019). "Futbolera: A History of Women and Sports in Latin America". University of Texas Press.
119. Waterfield, Bruno. (4 March 2010). "Geert Wilders on course to be next Dutch prime minister". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
120. Cooper, Matt. (2015). "The Maximalist: The Rise and Fall of Tony O'Reilly". Gill & Macmillan.
121. Bastian, Misty L.. (2006). "Terror and Violence: Imagination and the Unimaginable". [[Pluto Press]].
122. Ogbondah, Chris. (2012). "Communication, Culture, and Human Rights in Africa". [[University Press of America]].
123. Ette, Mercy. (2013). "Media/Democracy: A Comparative Study". [[Cambridge Scholars Publishing]].
124. (2021-01-01). "City profile: Is Pyongyang a post-socialist city?". Cities.
125. (December 2015). "Comparing Media Framings of Climate Change in Developed, Rapid Growth and Developing Countries: Findings from Norway, China and Ghana". Sage Publishing.
126. Walsh, Declan. (July 2021). "The Nine Lives of Pakistan: Dispatches from a Divided Nation". [[Bloomsbury Publishing]].
127. Rashid, Ahmed. (4 July 2018). "The assault on Pakistan media ahead of vote". [[BBC]].
128. (2 June 2020). "'The Edge of an Abyss.' How the World's Newspapers Are Responding as the U.S. Descends Into Chaos".
129. "Always busy, anxious but confident {{!}} Tribute - MAG THE WEEKLY".
130. "Behind every great person and his achievements, stands a woman". [[The News International]].
131. (2003). "Media Power in Central America". [[University of Illinois Press]].
132. [[Center for Public Integrity]]. (2004). "The Corruption Notebooks: 25 Investigative Journalists Report on Abuses of Power in Their Home Country". Public Integrity Books.
133. (November 1995). "Four Journalists Win Columbia University's Cabot Prizes For Coverage of Latin America". [[Columbia University Record]].
134. Folch, Christine. (2019). "Hydropolitics: The Itaipu Dam, Sovereignty, and the Engineering of Modern South America". Princeton University Press.
135. Johnston, Donald H.. (2003). "Encyclopedia of International Media and Communications". [[Academic Press]].
136. Claudio, Lisandro E.. (2017). "Liberalism and the Postcolony: Thinking the State in 20th-Century Philippines". NUS Press.
137. "Philippine Daily Inquirer".
138. Örnebring, Henrik. (November 2017). "Newsworkers: A Comparative European Perspective". [[Bloomsbury Publishing.
139. (1 June 2013). "Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland". Britannica Educational Publishing.
140. Szczerbiak, Aleks. (2020). "Politicising the Communist Past: The Politics of Truth Revelation in Post-Communist Poland". [[Routledge]].
141. (2010). "Historical Dictionary of Portugal". [[The Scarecrow Press]].
142. Eaman, Ross. (2009). "The A to Z of Journalism". [[The Scarecrow Press]].
143. (November 2019). "Letters to the Editor: Comparative and Historical Perspectives". [[Palgrave Macmillan]].
144. (December 2013). "The Routledge Companion to Media & Gender". [[Routledge]].
145. Fishman, Robert M.. (April 2019). "Democratic Practice: Origins of the Iberian Divide in Political Inclusion". [[Oxford University Press]].
146. (2012). "Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo". [[Scarecrow Press]].
147. (2023). "Propaganda in Autocracies: Institutions, Information, and the Politics of Belief". [[Cambridge University Press]].
148. Gallagher, Tom. (2001). "Post-Communist Romania". [[Palgrave Publishers]].
149. (2008). "The EU Expansion: Communicating Shared Sovereignty in the Parliamentary". [[Peter Lang (publisher).
150. (2009). "European Union enlargement, post-accession migration and imaginative geographies of the 'New Europe': media discourses in Romania and the United Kingdom". [[Taylor & Francis]].
151. (18 January 2017). "Danas". VOXeurop.
152. Christopher, H. Sterling. (2009). "Encyclopedia of Journalism". [[SAGE Publishing]].
153. Babcock, Joshua. (Winter 2023). "(De)coupling Positional Whiteness and White Identities through "Good English" in Singapore". University of Chicago Press.
154. Christopher, H. Sterling. (2009). "Encyclopedia of Journalism". [[SAGE Publishing]].
155. Jones, Adam. (1998). "From Rightist to 'Brightest'? The Strange Tale of South Africa's Citizen.". [[Journal of Southern African Studies]].
156. (August 2018). "Korean Communication, Media, and Culture: An Annotated Bibliography". [[Lexington Books]].
157. (5 July 2022). "EGM 2022: La SER cierra temporada de nuevo como la radio más escuchada".
158. Sklair, Leslie. (May 2022). "The Anthropocene in Global Media: Neutralizing the Risk". [[Routledge]].
159. (15 September 2014). "Violence, Memory, and History: Western Perceptions of Kristallnacht". Routledge.
160. Sklair, Leslie. (May 2022). "The Anthropocene in Global Media: Neutralizing the Risk". [[Routledge]].
161. (June 2022). "Routledge Handbook of Environmental Journalism". [[Routledge]].
162. (December 2019). "Transatlantic Studies: Latin America, Iberia, and Africa". [[Liverpool University Press]].
163. Ahari, Shannon K. Tanhayi. "Research Guides: Scandinavian Studies: Newspapers".
164. (15 March 2013). "Immigrants outraged over Sweden's racial profiling". The Standard.
165. Fossedal, Gregory. (2018). "Direct Democracy in Switzerland". [[Routledge]].
166. "Neue Zürcher Zeitung".
167. (October 2019). "The Contested Moralities of Markets". [[Emerald Group Publishing]].
168. Enderlin, Serge. (5 November 2020). "La Fondation Aventinus rachète le quotidien suisse 'Le Temps'". [[Le Monde]].
169. [http://www.foeg.uzh.ch/jahrbuch/Broschur_Jahrbuch_foeg_englisch_2012.pdf The Quality of the Media], {{Webarchive. link. (24 September 2015 , main findings, Research Department on Public Opinion and Society (FÖG) of the [[University of Zurich]], 2012.)
170. (1997). "Magazines for Libraries For the General Reader and School, Junior College, College, University, and Public Libraries". Bowker.
171. (April 1998). "Overt Employment Discrimination by Multinational Firms: Cultural and Economic Influences in a Developing Country". Blackwell Publishers.
172. (16 March 2022). "Bangkok Post trashed for broadcasting Russian ambassador's 'propaganda'". Coconuts Media.
173. Hart, Bonnye. (December 2013). "WAI UNBALANCED? A CONTENT ANALYSIS OF MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE 2011 THAILAND GENERAL ELECTION IN THE BANGKOK POST NEWSPAPER". [[Texas State University]].
174. (2022). "Small Countries, Big Diplomacy Laos in the UN, ASEAN and MRC". Taylor & Francis.
175. Breiner, Laurence. (November 2006). "Laureate of nowhere". [[Caribbean Review of Books]].
176. Beezley, William H.. (September 2021). "Latin America 2020-2022". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
177. (24 July 2017). "Turkish activists decry attack on press freedom as journalists stand trial". [[The Guardian]].
178. (19 January 2004). "The UK's 'other paper of record'". [[BBC News]].
179. (2022). "A Newspaper of Record".
180. (30 May 2017). "The Broadview Guide to Writing: A Handbook for Students". Broadview Press.
181. (8 May 2023). "The New York Times".
182. Christopher, H. Sterling. (2009). "Encyclopedia of Journalism". [[SAGE Publishing]].
183. Doctor, Ken. (12 March 2015). "On The Washington Post and the 'newspaper of record' epithet".
184. Bohlen, Celestine. (1996-12-23). "Vatican Newspaper of Record Best Read for What It Doesn't Record". The New York Times.
185. "L'Osservatore Romano {{!}} newspaper {{!}} Britannica".
186. Christopher, H. Sterling. (2009). "Encyclopedia of Journalism". [[SAGE Publishing]].
187. Eckson Mugari, Zvenyika. (March 2020). "Press Silence in Postcolonial Zimbabwe: News Whiteouts, Journalism and Power". [[Routledge]].
188. Vargas, José González. (19 December 2018). "From Distant Glory Days to Utter Degradation, El Nacional Mirrored Venezuela".
189. Editorial. (4 March 2020). "Pan-Arab newspaper al-Hayat officially closes after decades of journalism". [[Middle East Eye]].
190. Lund, Aron. (26 May 2020). "Will the Pandemic Kill Arab Print Journalism?".
191. Philp, Catherine. (5 November 2017). "Cambodia Daily survived tanks but not descent into outright dictatorship". [[The Times]].
192. (4 September 2017). "Cambodia Daily shuts with 'dictatorship' parting shot at prime minister Hun Sen". [[The Guardian]].
193. Osborne, Milton. (11 May 2018). "Courageous voice for truth silenced in Cambodia".
194. Parkhouse, Alan. (7 May 2018). "New start or sad end for Cambodia's last free newspaper?". [[Asia Times]].
195. (2017). "Historical Dictionary of Latvia". [[Rowman & Littlefield]].
196. Bienvenu, Helene. (2016-10-11). "Newspaper Closes in Hungary, and Hungarians See Government's Hand". The New York Times.