Neshoba County, Mississippi

History

At the time of European encounter, this was part of the territory of the historic Choctaw people, who occupied most of what later was defined as Mississippi. Under President Andrew Jackson, the United States conducted Indian removal in the 1830s in the Southeast, and most of the Choctaw were removed to west of the Mississippi River, to land in Indian Territory, now part of Oklahoma.

Neshoba was founded by European American settlers in 1833.

Descendants of the Choctaw who remained in the state continued to identify as Choctaw. They lived in relatively distinct communities and reorganized in the 1930s, gaining federal recognition as the Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians. Even in the 1970s, eighty percent of their people continued to speak Choctaw.

Late 19th century to present

The white-dominated state legislature passed a new constitution in 1890, that effectively disenfranchised most freedmen and other non-whites, such as Native Americans. This exclusion was maintained well into the 20th century, but activists in the 1960s increasingly worked to restore voting rights throughout the state.

At various times, 76 post offices were established within the county. Around the turn of the 20th century, 40 small post offices were operating at the same time. By 1971, only the post offices in Philadelphia and Neshoba were still operational. Today, only the one in Philadelphia remains.

Neshoba County is known as the site of the lynching murder of three young activists in July 1964 during Freedom Summer in Mississippi, a period of education and a voter registration drive to prepare African Americans for voting. The three young men, two from the North, disappeared at a time of heightened violence, and they became the subjects of a state and FBI search. White supremacists were found to have murdered three civil rights activists: James Cheney, Andrew Goodman and Michael Schwerner near Philadelphia, the county seat. During the investigation, searchers found the bodies of eight other young black men in nearby locations. Deputy Sheriff Cecil Price was implicated and charged with being part of the group that lynched the three young men and buried them in an earthen dam 15 miles northeast of Philadelphia. Outrage over the crime contributed to congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965. The crime and decades-long legal aftermath of investigation and trials inspired the 1988 movie Mississippi Burning.

In 1980, Ronald Reagan launched his presidential campaign at the Neshoba County Fair to deliver a speech on economic policy and refer to states' rights. He was believed by some to be referring to southern conservative values, in an area associated with the 1964 murders and at a time when the Republican Party was attracting more white conservatives from the Democratic Party.{{cite web | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130326135021/http://crime.about.com/od/history/p/ms_burn.htm | archive-date = March 26, 2013 | url-status = dead

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 572 sqmi, of which 570 sqmi is land and 1.5 sqmi (0.3%) is water.

Major highways

• [[Image:Circle sign 15.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 15
• [[Image:Circle sign 16.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 16
• [[Image:Circle sign 19.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 19
• [[Image:Circle sign 21.svg|20px]] Mississippi Highway 21

Adjacent counties

• Winston County (north)
• Kemper County (east)
• Newton County (south)
• Leake County (west)

Demographics

1790-1960 1900-1990 1990-2000 2010-2013 | align-fn = center

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 29,087. The median age was 37.9 years. 27.0% of residents were under the age of 18 and 17.2% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 90.7 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 86.6 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 56.8% White, 22.0% Black or African American, 17.2% American Indian and Alaska Native, 0.4% Asian,

24.5% of residents lived in urban areas, while 75.5% lived in rural areas.

There were 10,857 households in the county, of which 36.2% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 42.2% were married-couple households, 18.7% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 33.8% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 27.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 12,013 housing units, of which 9.6% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 73.7% were owner-occupied and 26.3% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0% and the rental vacancy rate was 7.9%.

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 28,684 people, 10,694 households, and 7,742 families residing in the county. The population density was 50 /mi2. There were 11,980 housing units at an average density of 21 /mi2. The racial makeup of the county was 65.50% White, 19.33% Black or African American, 13.80% Native American, 0.19% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.34% from other races, and 0.81% from two or more races. 1.16% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 28.6% identified as of American ancestry, 8.8% as Irish and 6.1% as English, according to Census 2000. Those who identify as having "American" ancestry are predominantly of English descent, but have ancestors who came to the US so long ago that they identify simply as American. 88.7% spoke English and 10.2% Choctaw as their first language.

There were 10,694 households, out of which 34.90% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.50% were married couples living together, 15.60% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.60% were non-families. 24.70% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.11.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 28.20% under the age of 18, 9.00% from 18 to 24, 27.00% from 25 to 44, 21.60% from 45 to 64, and 14.20% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 91.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $28,300, and the median income for a family was $33,439. Males had a median income of $28,112 versus $19,882 for females. The per capita income for the county was $14,964. About 17.90% of families and 21.00% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27.20% of those under age 18 and 22.00% of those age 65 or over.

Communities

City

• Philadelphia (county seat)

Town

• Union (mostly in Newton County)

Census-designated places

• Bogue Chitto (partly in Kemper County)
• Pearl River
• Tucker

Unincorporated communities

• Burnside
• Choctaw
• Good Hope
• Neshoba
• Ocobla
• Sandtown
• Stallo

Politics

Neshoba County was overwhelmingly Democrat until the 1960s. In more recent decades it is strongly Republican, having not supported a Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter won it by plurality 1976.

Education

School districts include:

• Neshoba County School District
• Philadelphia Public School District
• Union Public School District

Choctaw Tribal School System maintains Bogue Chitto Elementary School, Pearl River Elementary School, Tucker Elementary School, Choctaw Central Middle School, and Choctaw Central High School in the county.

Footnotes

References

1. "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau.
2. "Find a County". National Association of Counties.
3. "Murder in Mississippi {{!}} American Experience".
4. (1991). "The Reader's companion to American history". Houghton-Mifflin.
5. Sledge, Broox. (May 29, 1985). "Neshoba County post offices---"gone with the wind."". The Union Appeal.
6. "Civil Rights Movement – History & Timeline, 1964 (Freedom Summer)".
7. Jim Prince: "War over Reagan's Words." ''Madison County Journal'' (November 22, 2007)
8. (August 22, 2012). "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau.
9. "County Population Totals and Components of Change: 2020-2024". United States Census Bureau.
10. "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau.
11. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library.
12. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau.
13. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000". United States Census Bureau.
14. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171)".
15. (2021). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic Profile (DP1)".
16. (2023). "2020 Decennial Census Demographic and Housing Characteristics (DHC)".
17. "U.S. Census website". [[United States Census Bureau]].
18. (1986). "Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites". Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
19. Fischer, David Hackett. (1989). "[[Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America]]". Oxford University Press.
20. Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
21. "2020 CENSUS - SCHOOL DISTRICT REFERENCE MAP: Neshoba County, MS". [[U.S. Census Bureau]].
22. "Home". Bogue Chitto Elementary School.
23. "Home". Pearl River Elementary School.
24. "Home". Tucker Elementary School.
25. "Home". Choctaw Central Middle School.
26. "Home". Choctaw Central High School.