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Near-open front unrounded vowel
Vowel sound represented by ⟨æ⟩ in IPA
Summary
Vowel sound represented by ⟨æ⟩ in IPA
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| ipa symbol | æ |
| ipa number | 325 |
| decimal | 230 |
| x-sampa | { |
| braille | sh |
| imagefile | IPA Unicode 0x00E6.svg |
|x-sampa={
The near-open front unrounded vowel, or near-low front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , a lowercase of the ligature. Both the symbol and the sound are commonly referred to as "ash".
The rounded counterpart of , the near-open front rounded vowel (for which the IPA provides no separate symbol) has been reported to occur allophonically in Danish; see open front rounded vowel for more information.
In practice, is sometimes used to represent the open front unrounded vowel; see the introduction to that page for more information.
In IPA transcriptions of Hungarian and Valencian, this vowel is typically written with .
Features
Occurrence
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afrikaans | Standard | perd | 'horse' | |||||
| Äiwoo | ''ikuw'''ä''''' | [ikuwæ] | 'I go' | Distinguished from both and . | ||||
| Arabic | Standard | كتاب (*kitāb*) | 'book' | |||||
| Azerbaijani | Azərbaycan | 'Azerbaijan' | ||||||
| Bambam | ''bät'''ä''''' | 'stem' | ||||||
| Bashkir | йәй (*yäy*) | 'summer' | ||||||
| Bengali | ব্যাঙ/bêṅ | 'frog' | Also pronounced as . See Bengali phonology | |||||
| Bulgarian | Moesian dialects | млечен (*mlečen*) | 'made from milk' | |||||
| Rup dialects | Descendant of Proto-Slavic *ě in all positions. See Yat. | |||||||
| Teteven dialect | мъж (*măž*) | 'man' | In place of Standard Bulgarian [] (written as ъ). | |||||
| Erkech dialect | ||||||||
| Catalan | Majorcan (some speakers) | sac | 'bag' | |||||
| Valencian and some Catalan dialects (some speakers) | raig | 'ray' | Palatal variant of . It can be more open (). See Catalan phonology | |||||
| taula | 'table' | Final unstressed found in some speakers. Can be realized as (un)rounded and further back. See Catalan phonology | ||||||
| Balearic (except Ibizan) | tesi | 'thesis' | Main realization of . More open and centralized before liquids and in monosyllabics. See Catalan phonology | |||||
| Valencian (general pronunciation) | ||||||||
| Chechen | аьрзу (ärzu) | 'eagle' | ||||||
| Danish | Basbøll | 2005 | p=45}} | dansk | 'Danish' | |||
| Dutch | pen | 'pen' | Allophone of before and coda . In non-standard accents this allophone is generalized to other positions, where is used in Standard Dutch. See Dutch phonology | |||||
| English | Cultivated New Zealand | *cat* | 'cat' | |||||
| General American | See English phonology | |||||||
| Cruttenden | 2014 | pp=119–120}} | Fully open in contemporary RP. See English phonology | |||||
| Estonian | väle | 'agile' | Near-front. See Estonian phonology | |||||
| Finnish | mäki | 'hill' | See Finnish phonology | |||||
| French | Parisian | bain | 'bath' | |||||
| Quebec | ver | 'worm' | Allophone of before or in open syllables, and of in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology | |||||
| German | Moosmüller | Schmid | Brandstätter | 2015 | p=342}} | erlauben | 'allow' | |
| Dudenredaktion | Kleiner | Knöbl | 2015 | p=40}} | oder | 'or' | Used instead of . See Standard German phonology | |
| Dudenredaktion | Kleiner | Knöbl | 2015 | p=64}} | alles | 'everything' | Lower and often also more back in other accents. See Standard German phonology | |
| Western Swiss accents | spät | 'late' | Open-mid or close-mid in other accents; contrasts with the open-mid . See Standard German phonology | |||||
| Greek | Macedonia | γάτα (''gát'''a''''') | 'cat' | |||||
| Thessaly | ||||||||
| Thrace | ||||||||
| Pontic | καλάθια (kaláthia) | 'baskets' | ||||||
| Hindustani | Hindi | न्यूज़ीलैंड(Nyu Zilaind) | 'New Zealand' | |||||
| Urdu | نیوزی لینڈ(Nyu Zilaind) | |||||||
| Hungarian | nem | 'no' | Typically transcribed in IPA with . See Hungarian phonology | |||||
| Kanoê | 'tobacco' | |||||||
| Kazakh | әйел (*äiel*) | 'woman' | Varies between near-open and open-mid. | |||||
| Kurdish | Sorani (Central) | گاڵته (''galt'''e''''') | 'joke' | |||||
| Lakon | rävräv | 'evening' | ||||||
| Limburgish | twelf | 'twelve' | Front or near-front, depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect, in which the vowel is near-front. | |||||
| Lithuanian | jachtą | 'yacht' (accusative) | See Lithuanian phonology | |||||
| Low Saxon | Including Sallandic | gläzen | 'glasses' | |||||
| Luxembourgish | Käpp | 'heads' | See Luxembourgish phonology | |||||
| Norwegian | Urban East | lær | 'leather' | |||||
| Persian | هشت (*hašt*) | [hæʃt] | 'eight' | |||||
| Portuguese | Some dialects | pedra | 'stone' | |||||
| Some European speakers | também | 'also' | Stressed vowel, allophone of nasal vowel . | |||||
| Romanian | Bukovinian dialect | piele | 'skin' | |||||
| Russian | пять (*pjatʹ*) | 'five' | Allophone of between palatalized consonants. See Russian phonology | |||||
| Serbo-Croatian | Zeta-Raška dialect | дан / dan | 'day' | |||||
| Sinhala | ඇය (*æya*) | 'she' | ||||||
| Slovak | mäso | 'meat, flesh' | In conversation sometimes pronounced as or . See Slovak phonology | |||||
| Swedish | Eliasson | 1986 | p=273}} | ära | 'hono(u)r' | |||
| Stockholm | läsa | 'to read' | Realization of for younger speakers. Higher for other speakers | |||||
| Turkish | sen | 'you' | Allophone of before syllable-final . In a limited number of words (but not before ), it is in free variation with . See Turkish phonology |
Notes
References
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation |author-link=Hans Basbøll
- {{citation |orig-year=First published 1981
- {{citation |orig-year=First published 2003
- {{citation
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- {{citation |orig-year=First published 1962
- {{citation |editor-last=Anderson |editor-first=Henning
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |editor-last=Schneider |editor-first=Edgar W. |editor2-last=Burridge |editor2-first=Kate |editor3-last=Kortmann |editor3-first=Bernd |editor4-last=Mesthrie |editor4-first=Rajend |editor5-last=Upton |editor5-first=Clive
- {{citation
- {{citation |access-date=2016-01-17 |archive-date=2017-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011044945/http://gep.ruhosting.nl/carlos/gussenhoven_aarts.pdf |url-status=dead
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |author-link=Miloš Okuka
- {{citation |doi-access=free
- {{citation
- {{citation |orig-year=First published 1963
- {{citation
- {{citation |script-title = el:Οφίτικη Ποντιακή: Έρευνα γλωσσικής καταγραφής με έμφαση στη διαχρονία και συγχρονία της διαλέκτου |trans-title = Ofitika Pontic: A documentation project with special emphasis on the diachrony and synchrony of the dialect |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120131201021/http://www.latsis-foundation.org/files/Meletes2009/11.report.pdf |archive-date = 2012-01-31
- {{citation
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- {{citation |author-link1=Kari Suomi
- {{citation
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References
- {{Vowel terminology
- {{Harvcoltxt. Grønnum. 1998
- {{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Donaldson. 1993
- {{Harvcoltxt. Holes. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Campbell. 1991
- {{Harvcoltxt. Berta. 1998
- "Bengali romanization table".
- {{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Basbøll. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Collins. Mees. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Collins. Mees. 2003
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gordon. Maclagan. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. Wells. 1982
- {{Harvcoltxt. Cruttenden. 2014
- {{Harvcoltxt. Asu. Teras. 2009
- {{Harvcoltxt. Suomi. Toivanen. Ylitalo. 2008
- {{Harvcoltxt. Collins. Mees. 2013
- {{Harvcoltxt. Walker. 1984
- {{Harvcoltxt. Moosmüller. Schmid. Brandstätter. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dudenredaktion. Kleiner. Knöbl. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dudenredaktion. Kleiner. Knöbl. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dudenredaktion. Kleiner. Knöbl. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Dudenredaktion. Kleiner. Knöbl. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Newton. 1972
- {{Harvcoltxt. Revithiadou. Spyropoulos. 2009
- {{Harvcoltxt. Szende. 1994
- {{Harvcoltxt. Bacelar. 2004
- {{Harvcoltxt. François. 2005
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gussenhoven. Aarts. 1999
- {{Harvcoltxt. Peters. 2006
- {{Harvcoltxt. Verhoeven. 2007
- {{Harvcoltxt. Gilles. Trouvain. 2013
- {{Harvcoltxt. Vanvik. 1979
- {{Harvcoltxt. Popperwell. 2010
- [[#Farsi. Majidi & Ternes (1991)]]
- {{Harvcoltxt. Campbell. 1995
- [https://books.google.com/books?id=tWk6gpv8ep0C&pg=PA186 Portuguese: A Linguistic Introduction – by Milton M. Azevedo] Page 186.
- [http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf Lista das marcas dialetais e outros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP] {{in lang. pt
- {{Harvcoltxt. Jones. Ward. 1969
- {{Harvcoltxt. Yanushevskaya. Bunčić. 2015
- {{Harvcoltxt. Perera. Jones. 1919
- {{Harvcoltxt. Eliasson. 1986
- {{Harvcoltxt. Thorén. Petterson. 1992
- {{Harvcoltxt. Riad. 2014
- {{Harvcoltxt. Göksel. Kerslake. 2005
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