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National symbols of India

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Summary

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The Government of India has designated official national symbols that represent the Republic of India. These symbols serve as the representation of the identity of the country. When India obtained independence from the British Raj on 15 August 1947, the tricolour flag officially became the first national symbol of the Dominion of India. The Indian Rupee which was in circulation earlier was adopted as the official legal tender after independence. The official state emblem with the motto Satyameva Jayate was adopted later on 30 December 1947. The national anthem and song were adopted two days before the Constitution of India was adopted on 26 January 1950. After India became a republic following the enactment of the constitution, the national symbols officially came to represent the Republic of India. The last to be adopted as a national symbol was the national microbe Lactobacillus delbrueckii in October 2012.

List of national and official symbols

Symbol	Name	Image	Adopted	Notes	Official name	National flag	National emblem	National motto	National anthem	National song	National days	Oath of allegiance	National currency	National calendar	National animal	National bird	National heritage animal	National tree	National fruit	National aquatic animal	National reptile	National river	National microbe	National flower	National game
	Republic of India (Bharat Ganarajya)	[[File:India-map-en.svg	centre	100px]]	title=The Constitution of India	date=26 January 1950	legislature=Constituent Assembly of India	url=https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf	access-date=3 March 2012	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909230437/https://lawmin.nic.in/coi/coiason29july08.pdf	url-status=dead	via=Ministry of Law and Justice, Government of India	quote=Article 1(1): India, that is Bharat, shall be a Union of States.	archive-date=9 September 2014}}	url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-bharat-name-history-8925757/	title=India, that is Bharat: A short history of the nation's names, from the Rig Veda to the Constitution of India	date=9 September 2023	access-date=1 December 2023	newspaper=The Indian Express	archive-date=10 October 2023	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010134513/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-history/india-bharat-name-history-8925757/	url-status=live}} The name "India" is derived from the Classical Latin India, a reference to the region beyond the Indus River. In turn, the name "India" was derived successively from Hellenistic Greek India ( Ἰνδία), ancient Greek Indos ( Ἰνδός), Old Persian Hindush (an eastern province of the Achaemenid Empire), and ultimately its cognate, the Sanskrit Sindhu, or "river", specifically the Indus River and, by implication, its settled basin.
	Flag of India	[[File:Flag of India.svg	centre	100px]]	last=Jha	first=Sadan	title=The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite	date=25 October 2008	journal=Economic and Political Weekly	pages=102–111	issn=0012-9976	oclc=1567377}}
26 January 1950 (Republic of India)	The Indian flag is a horizontal rectangular tricolour with equally sized deep saffron at the top, white in the middle and India green at the bottom with the Dharma chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. The ratio of width of the flag to its length is two to three. Saffron indicates the strength and courage, white represents peace, green expresses fertility, growth and auspiciousness with the chakra symbolising truth.
	State Emblem of India	[[File:Emblem of India.svg	centre	100px]]	30 December 1947 (Dominion of India)
26 January 1950 (Republic of India)	The national emblem is an adaptation of the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath consisting of four Asiatic lions standing back to back, symbolising power, courage, confidence and faith. The lions are mounted on a circular abacus over a bell-shaped lotus. The abacus has a frieze carrying the reliefs of an elephant, a galloping horse, a bull and a lion with a Dharma chakra in the middle.
	Satyameva Jayate
("Truth Alone Triumphs")
	Jana Gana Mana
("Thou Art the Ruler of the Minds of All People")	[[File:Jana Gana Mana sheet music.jpg	centre	100px]] [[File:Jana Gana Mana instrumental.ogg	centre	100px]]	24 January 1950 (Dominion of India)
26 January 1950 (Republic of India)	"Jana Gana Mana" is taken from Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata, composed in Bengali by Rabindranath Tagore on 11 December 1911. It was first publicly sung on 27 December 1911 at Calcutta. The first stanza of the song was adopted by the Constituent Assembly of India as the national anthem on 24 January 1950. The national anthem is played in approximately 52 seconds.
	Vande Mataram
("Mother, I bow to thee!")	[[File:Vande Mataram - Bankim Chandra Chatterjee (Raag Desh).png	centre	100px]]	24 January 1950 (Dominion of India)
26 January 1950 (Republic of India)	Vande Mataram is a Sanskrit poem written by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay, first published in 1882 as part of the Bengali novel Anandmath. The poem played a vital role in the Indian independence movement and gained political significance when it was recited by Tagore in 1896. The first two verses of the song were adopted as the national song of India On 24 January 1950 by the Constituent Assembly of India.
	Independence Day	[[File:A still of Red Fort, during the 62nd Independence Day celebrations, in Delhi on August 15, 2008.jpg	centre	100px]]	15 August 1947	url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/08/14/a-brief-history-of-non-independent-period-of-independent-india.html	title=A brief history of non-Independent period of Independent India	date=14 August 2022	access-date=1 June 2024	publisher=The Week	archive-date=26 September 2023	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926023356/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2022/08/14/a-brief-history-of-non-independent-period-of-independent-india.html	url-status=live}} The Constituent Assembly of India met at 11 pm on 14 August in the Constitution Hall in New Delhi, chaired by Rajendra Prasad in which Nehru delivered the Tryst with Destiny speech proclaiming India's independence. The Dominion of India became an independent country on 15 August 1947.
	Republic Day	[[File:India-constitution-preamble.svg	center	133x133px	changed to vector image]]	26 January 1950	Republic Day commemorates the adoption of the Constitution of India and the country's transition to a republic on 26 January 1950. The date was chosen as the Indian National Congress proclaimed Purna Swaraj (complete independence) on this day in 1930.
	Gandhi Jayanti	[[File:Mahatma-Gandhi, studio, 1931.jpg	centre	100px]]	2 October	Gandhi Jayanti is celebrated to mark the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi espoused the philosophy of nonviolent resistance, played a key role in Indian Independence movement and, is regarded as the "Father of the Nation".
	National Pledge	[[File:National Pledge of India.png	centre	100px]]	26 January 1965	It was written in Telugu by Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao in 1962. The English version of the same was adopted as the national pledge. The central advisory board on education directed that the pledge to be sung in schools from 26 January 1965.
	Indian Rupee	[[File:Indian Rupee symbol.svg	centre	100px]]	15 August 1947
15 July 2010 (symbol)	Indian rupee (ISO code: INR) is the official currency of India, the issuance of which is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. Rupee is derived from rupya or rūpiya, which was used to denote various coins in usage since 4th century BCE. The Indian rupee symbol, adopted in July 2010, is a combination of Devanagari "Ra" and the Roman letter "R" with two parallel horizontal lines at the top which represent the national flag and indicate equality.
	Indian National Calendar	[[File:Indian national calendar.jpg	centre	100px]]	22 March 1957	title=Report of the Calendar Reform Committee	url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/39692	year=1955	pages=255–256	publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research	access-date=1 June 2024	archive-date=7 August 2020	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807073031/https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/39692	url-status=live}} It is used, alongside the Gregorian calendar, by The Gazette of India, in news broadcasts by All India Radio and in calendars and communications issued by the Government of India.
	Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris)	[[File:Adult male Royal Bengal tiger.jpg	centre	100px]]	url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tiger-grabbed-lions-national-animal-status/articleshow/56633322.cms	title=Tiger grabbed lion's national animal status	newspaper=The Times of India	date=18 January 2017	access-date=1 December 2023	archive-date=29 May 2024	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529125906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/tiger-grabbed-lions-national-animal-status/articleshow/56633322.cms	url-status=live}}	url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/royal-bengal-tiger-the-national-animal-of-india-1457002074-1	title=Royal Bengal Tiger: The National Animal of India	date=18 November 2019	access-date=1 December 2023	work=Jagranjosh	archive-date=26 February 2021	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226093611/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/royal-bengal-tiger-the-national-animal-of-india-1457002074-1	url-status=live}} Tiger is one of the big cats with prominent black stripes on a yellow coat and represents grace, strength, agility and power. As of 2023, India is home to almost 75% of the world's wild tiger population.
	Indian peacock (Pavo cristatus)	[[File:Blue Peacock Safari Park.jpg	centre	100px]]	url=https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/do-you-know-why-peacock-is-considered-the-national-bird-of-india-2248865	title=Why peacock is considered the national bird	date=14 August 2023	access-date=1 December 2023	publisher=News9	archive-date=13 July 2024	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713174612/https://www.news9live.com/knowledge/do-you-know-why-peacock-is-considered-the-national-bird-of-india-2248865	url-status=live}}	url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-bird.php	title=National Bird	access-date=3 April 2024	publisher=Government of India	archive-date=29 October 2021	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029051307/https://knowindia.india.gov.in/national-identity-elements/national-bird.php	url-status=live}} A bird indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, the peacock is a colourful bird, with males being larger than females and consisting of blue neck and a spectacular long train made up of elongated upper-tail covert feathers with colourful eyespots, which it raises into an arched fan during courtship.{{cite book	url=https://archive.org/stream/popularhandbooko033226mbp#page/n458/mode/1up/	year=1949	title=Popular handbook of Indian birds	pages=401–410	edition=4th	publisher=Gurney and Jackson	isbn=978-1-4067-4576-4}}
	Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus)	[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg	centre	100px]]	url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal/story-aSazcUQPTq24eqGEpe4OCO.html	title=Elephant declared national heritage animal	date=10 October 2010	access-date=1 December 2023	newspaper=Hindustan Times	archive-date=6 June 2022	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220606215038/https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal/story-aSazcUQPTq24eqGEpe4OCO.html	url-status=live}}	Indian elephant is the largest terrestrial mammal in India and a cultural symbol throughout its range, appearing in various religious traditions and mythologies. It is native to mainland Asia with nearly three-fourth of the population found in India. It was declared as the national heritage animal of India on 22 October 2010.
	Indian Banyan (Ficus benghalensis)	[[File:The great banyan tree.jpg	centre	100px]]	1950	Indian banyan is a large tree native to the Indian subcontinent and produces aerial roots from the branches which grow downwards, eventually becoming trunks. Because of this characteristic and its longevity, this tree is considered immortal and is an integral part of the myths and legends of India. The tree's structure and deep roots symbolise unity and as the tree gives shelter to various organisms , it denotes India and its people from different backgrounds.
	Mango (Mangifera indica)	[[File:Hapus Mango.jpg	centre	100px]]	1950	Mango is a large fruit tree with many varieties, believed to have originated in northeast India. It has been cultivated in India since ancient times and is known for its deliciousness. It is considered an economically important fruit in India and the country is the largest producer of mangoes worldwide.
	Ganges river dolphin (Platanista gangetica)	[[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg	centre	100px]]	url=https://www.nmcg.nic.in/writereaddata/fileupload/1_Dolphins_press_n.pdf	title=Dolphin Declared National Aquatic Animal	access-date=3 April 2024	publisher=Government of India	archive-date=1 June 2023	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601172732/https://www.nmcg.nic.in/writereaddata/fileupload/1_Dolphins_press_n.pdf	url-status=live}}	The Ganges river dolphin is an endangered freshwater or river dolphin endemic to the Indian subcontinent and is found in the Ganges and Brahmaputra rivers in India. It was announced as the national aquatic animal in May 2010 to raise awareness towards its conservation.
	King cobra (Ophiophagus hanna)	[[File:12 - The Mystical King Cobra and Coffee Forests.jpg	centre	100px]]			King Cobra is the world's longest venomous snake and endemic to Asia. The species has diversified coloration and possess a unique threat display, spreading its neck-flap and raising its head upright and hissing. The snake occupies an eminent position in the mythology and folklore of India.
	Ganges River	[[File:Dashawamedha Ghat in Varanasi 1.jpg	centre	100px]]	4 November 2008	The Ganges rises in the western Himalayas and flows south and east through the Indo-Gangetic Plain of North India. It has been important historically with many cities located on its banks and is a lifeline to millions of people who live along its course. It is considered as a sacred river and worshipped as a goddess in Hinduism. In November 2008, Ganges was declared as a national river due to its close association with the lives of millions of Indians.
	Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	[[File:20101210 014809 LactobacillusBulgaricus.jpg	centre	100px]]	18 October 2012	Lactobacillus bulgaricus is a gram-positive bacterium used for the production of yogurt and plays a crucial role in natural processes involving fermented products. It is also considered a probiotic. It was declared as the national microbe in 18 October 2012 and was selected by children through voting.
	Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)	[[File:Nelumno nucifera open flower - botanic garden adelaide2.jpg	centre	100px]]	url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lotus-flower-is-associated-with-india-s-cultural-identity-rajnath-singh-in-haryana-1162058.html	title=Lotus flower is associated with India's cultural identity	date=13 November 2022	access-date=1 December 2023	newspaper=Deccan Herald	archive-date=18 April 2024	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240418141645/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/lotus-flower-is-associated-with-india-s-cultural-identity-rajnath-singh-in-haryana-1162058.html	url-status=live}}	Lotus is an aquatic plant adapted to grow in the flood plains. Lotus seeds can remain dormant and viable for many years, therefore the plant is regarded as a symbol of longevity. It occupies a unique position in the art and mythology of ancient India and has been an auspicious symbol of Indian culture.
	Field hockey	[[File:Dhyan Chand 1936 final.jpg	centre	100px]]		Field hockey is a team sport in which India has won the gold at the Summer Olympics eight times, the most by any nation. As per a 2012 reply from Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports to a RTI query, there was no declared national game in India. But Field hockey continues to be listed as the national game in Indian Government websites and text books.

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