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Nanxiong Formation

Geological formation in China

Summary

Geological formation in China

Field	Value
name	Nanxiong Formation
type	Geological formation
age	Maastrichtian

period	Maastrichtian
prilithology	Sandstone, siltstone, mudstone
otherlithology	Limestone, conglomerate
region	Jiangxi Province, Guangdong Province
country	China
coordinates
paleocoordinates
underlies	Shanghu Formation
overlies	Jurassic granite basement, Changba Formation (Nanxiong Group)
thickness	~300 m
Several kilometers (Nanxiong Group)
extent	Nanxiong Basin
map	{{Location map+	China#China Guangdong
relief	1
width	250
float	center
lat_deg	23.5
lon_deg	114.9
mark	Lightgreen pog.svg
marksize	12

Several kilometers (Nanxiong Group)

The Nanxiong Formation (also known as Yuanpu Formation) is a Late Cretaceous geologic formation in Jiangxi and Guangdong Provinces. Dinosaur remains are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.

Description

It consists of continental siliciclastic red beds, with fauna which similar to that of the Nemegt Formation. It has been dated to about 66.7 ± 0.3 million years ago. It is the lowest unit of the Nanxiong Basin, a small graben created during Mesozoic rifting. Buck et al. state that it overlies Jurassic granite basement, and is conformably overlain by the Shanghu Formation. Alternative stratigraphic schemes for the Nanxiong basin have been proposed, one of which refers to the Nanxiong succession as the Nanxiong Group, and dividing it into the Yuanpu, Zhutian and Zhenshui formations, and overlying the Albian to Turonian Changba Formation.

Saline lakes in the Nanxiong were temporary

The Depositional environment is made up of alluvial fan facies consisting of sheetflood deposits and ephemeral braided rivers. Adjacent to these are ephemeral saline playa facies recording features such as; root traces, desiccation cracks, and calcareous paleosols. In situ desert varnish and minor paleosol development on alluvial facies due to inactivity are indicative of arid conditions. Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes from Dinosaur eggshells were used to estimate a mean annual temperature between 22-27.6 C, with positive isotope perturbations around the K/Pg boundary indicating periods where temperatures may have exceeded 27 C.

Paleobiota of the Nanxiong Formation

[[Crocodilians]]

Crocodilians	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
Jiangxisuchus	J. nankangensis	Nearly complete skull and mandible	A crocodyloid	[[File:Jiangxisuchus nankangensis.png	center	150px]]

[[Lizards]]

Lizards	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
last1 = Mo	first1 = J. Y.	last2 = Xu	first2 = X.	last3 = Evans	first3 = S. E.	doi = 10.1080/14772019.2011.588254	title = A large predatory lizard (Platynota, Squamata) from the Late Cretaceous of South China	journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology	volume = 10	issue = 2	page = 333	year = 2012	bibcode = 2012JSPal..10..333M	s2cid = 85682211 }}	C. nankangensis	A partial skull and lower jaws	A monstersaurian lizard
Tianyusaurus	T. zhengi	A skull, mandible, first eight cervical vertebrae and nearly complete pectoral girdles	A polyglyphanodontian lizard, also known from the Qiupa Formation	[[File:Tianyusaurus.jpg	center	150px]]

[[Turtles]]

Turtles	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
author1=Haiyan Tong	author2=Jinyou Mo	year=2010	title=Jiangxichelys, a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China	url=http://www.foreignpolicybulletinmonitor.com/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7908884&fulltextType=RC&fileId=S0016756810000671	journal=Geological Magazine	volume=147	issue=6	pages=981–986	doi=10.1017/S0016756810000671	access-date=14 January 2011	archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711015906/http://www.foreignpolicybulletinmonitor.com/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=7908884&fulltextType=RC&fileId=S0016756810000671	archive-date=11 July 2011	bibcode=2010GeoM..147..981T	s2cid=131484464	url-access=subscription }}	J. ganzhouensis	A complete shell	A nanhsiungchelyid turtle
Nanhsiungchelys	N. wuchingensis	A partial skeleton	A nanhsiungchelyid turtle
Oolithes	O. elongatus, O. nanhsiungensis, O. rugustus and O. spheroides.	Egg and egg clutches. Some of these were probably laid by Nanhsiungchelys.	Turtle and/or theropod eggs	[[File:Oolithes spheroides (Senckenberg).jpg	center	150px]]

Dinosaurs

Ornithischians

Ornithischians of the Nanxiong Formation	Genus	Species	Material
Microhadrosaurus	M. nanshiungensis	Partial lower jaw from a juvenile that was about 2.6 m long	A nomen dubium hadrosaur taxon.
Hadrosauropodus isp.	Indeterminate	Three-toed footprints	A hadrosaur
Nodosauridae indet.	Indeterminate	Osteoderms	A possible nodosaurid ankylosaur

[[Sauropods]]

Sauropods of the Nanxiong Formation	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
author1=Junchang Lü	author2=Laiping Yi	author3=Hui Zhong	author4=Xuefang Wei	year=2013	title=A New Somphospondylan Sauropod (Dinosauria, Titanosauriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province of Southern China	journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)	volume=87	issue=3	pages=678–685	url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=201303005&flag=1	doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12079	bibcode=2013AcGlS..87..678L	s2cid=140623061	url-access=subscription }}	G. sinensis	A single, nearly complete dorsal vertebra and a mid-caudal vertebra	A sauropod closely related to Euhelopus
last1=Mo	first1=Jin-You	last2=Fu	first2=Qiong-Yao	last3=Yu	first3=Yi-Lun	last4=Xu	first4=Xing	date=2023-09-21	title=A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China	journal=Historical Biology	volume=36	issue=11	language=en	pages=2443–2457	doi=10.1080/08912963.2023.2259413	issn=0891-2963	doi-access=free }}	J. ganzhouensis	The three posteriormost cervical vertebrae with two cervical ribs, articulated with the first four dorsal vertebrae with three dorsal ribs	doi = 10.1080/14772019.2023.2293038	volume = 22	issue = 1	last1 = Han	first1 = Fenglu	last2 = Yang	first2 = Ling	last3 = Lou	first3 = Fasheng	last4 = Sullivan	first4 = Corwin	last5 = Xu	first5 = Xing	last6 = Qiu	first6 = Wenjiang	last7 = Liu	first7 = Hanfeng	last8 = Yu	first8 = Juan	last9 = Wu	first9 = Rui	last10 = Ke	first10 = Yuzheng	last11 = Xu	first11 = Mengyuan	last12 = Hu	first12 = Jinfeng	title = A new titanosaurian sauropod, Gandititan cavocaudatus gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China	journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology	date = 2024-01-17	bibcode = 2024JSPal..2293038H}}	[[Image:Jiangxititan UDL.png	frameless	center]]

Theropods

[[Oviraptorosaurs]]

Oviraptorosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
Banji	B. long	Nearly complete skull and lower jaw	An oviraptorid	[[File:Banji long.jpg	center	200px]]
last=Lü	first=J.	author2=Li, G	author3=Kundrát, M.	author4=Lee, Y.	author5=Zhenyuan, S.	author6=Yoshitsugu, K.	author7=Caizhi, S.	author8=Fangfang, T.	author9=Hanfeng, L	year=2017	title=High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new "cassowary-like" crested species	doi=10.1038/s41598-017-05016-6	pmid=28751667	pmc=5532250	journal=Scientific Reports	volume=7	issue=1	page=6393	bibcode=2017NatSR...7.6393L }}	C. jacobsi	Nearly complete skeleton including the skull and lower jaw	An oviraptorid with a distinct cassowary-like crest	[[File:Corythoraptor Restoration.png	center	200px]]
Elongatoolithidae indet.	Indeterminate	Three eggs with embryonic remains.	Oviraptorid eggs	[[File:Nanxiong Formation oviraptorid eggs (IVPP V2018).png	center	150px]]
last1 = Wang	first1 = S.	last2 = Sun	first2 = C.	last3 = Sullivan	first3 = C.	last4 = Xu	first4 = X.	title = A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of southern China	doi = 10.11646/zootaxa.3640.2.7	journal = Zootaxa	volume = 3640	issue = 2	pages = 242–57	year = 2013	pmid = 26000415	s2cid = 28527553 }}	G. nankangensis	Lower jaw, leg bone, hip bone and caudal vertebrae	A transitional oviraptorid with both basal and derived traits	[[File:Ganzhousaurus.jpg	center	150px]]
first1 = Junchang	last1 = Lü	first2 = Hanyong	last2 = Pu	first3 = Yoshitsugu	last3 = Kobayashi	first4 = Li	last4 = Xu	first5 = Huali	last5 = Chang	first6 = Yuhua	last6 = Shang	first7 = Di	last7 = Liu	first8 = Yuong-Nam	last8 = Lee	first9 = Martin	last9 = Kundrát	first10 = Caizhi	last10 = Shen	date = 2015	title=A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleobiogeographical Implications	journal=Scientific Reports	volume=5	number= 11490	doi=10.1038/srep11490	article-number=11490	pmid=26133245	pmc=4489096	bibcode = 2015NatSR...511490L}}	H. ganzhouensis	Nearly complete skull, lower jaws, neck vertebrae, a humerus, arm fragments, lower part of the right thighbone, the upper part of the right shinbone, and parts of the right foot	An oviraptorid	[[File:Huanansaurus restoration.jpg	center	200px]]
author1=Wei Xuefang	author2=Pu Hanyong	author3=Xu Li	author4=Liu Di	author5=Lü Junchang	year=2013	title=A New Oviraptorid Dinosaur (Theropoda: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China	journal=Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition)	volume=87	issue=4	pages=899–904	url=http://www.geojournals.cn/dzxben/ch/reader/view_abstract.aspx?file_no=201304001&flag=1	doi=10.1111/1755-6724.12098	bibcode=2013AcGlS..87..899W	s2cid=129797420	url-access=subscription }}	J. ganzhouensis	Incomplete skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, nearly complete pectoral girdle, the left forelimb, ribs, and a partially preserved pelvic girdle	An oviraptorid	[[File:Jiangxisaurus.jpg	center	200px]]
Macroolithus	Indeterminate	Five egg clutches containing over 60 eggs.	Oviraptorid eggs	[[File:Nanxiong Formation egg clutches.png	center	150px]]
Indeterminate	Three eggs with embryonic remains.	Oviraptorid eggs	[[File:Oviraptorid eggs (SMNH-20140105).png	150px]]
M. yaotunensis	Two eggs with embryonic remains.	Oviraptorid eggs. Skeletal proportions resemble Heyuannia huangi
M. yaotunensis	A nest of 24 eggs associated with an adult oviraptorid.	Oviraptorid eggs
last1 = Lü	first1 = J.	last2 = Yi	first2 = L.	last3 = Zhong	first3 = H.	last4 = Wei	first4 = X.	editor1-last = Dodson	editor1-first = Peter	title = A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications	doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0080557	journal = PLOS ONE	volume = 8	issue = 11	article-number = e80557	year = 2013	pmid = 24312233	pmc = 3842309	bibcode = 2013PLoSO...880557L	doi-access = free }}	N. jiangxiensis	A partial lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a nearly complete right humerus, pubic bones, and some dorsal ribs	An oviraptorid	[[File:Nankangia Restoration.jpg	center	200px]]
	Indeterminate	first1=T.	last1=Sato	first2=Y.-N.	last2=Cheng	first3=X.-C.	last3=Wu	first4=D. K.	last4=Zelenitsky	first5=Y.-F.	last5=Hsiao	date=2005	title=A Pair of Shelled Eggs Inside A Female Dinosaur	journal=Science	volume=308	issue=5720	page=375	doi=10.1126/science.1110578	pmid=15831749	s2cid=19470371	url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14893/files/PAL_E2034.pdf }}	A pregnant oviraptorid
Indeterminate	last1=Bi	first1=S.	last2=Amiot	first2=R.	last3=Peyre de Fabrègues	first3=C.	last4=Pittman	first4=M.	last5=Lamanna	first5=M. C.	last6=Yu	first6=Y.	last7=Yu	first7=C.	last8=Yang	first8=T.	last9=Zhang	first9=S.	last10=Zhao	first10=Q.	last11=Xu	first11=X.	date=2020	title=An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs	journal=Science Bulletin	volume=66	issue=9	pages=947–954	doi=10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.018	pmid=36654242	doi-access=free}}	An oviraptorid that represents the fifth nesting taxon
Indeterminate	A female individual preserving a partial pelvic girdle, hindlimbs and some caudals with two eggs associated near the pelvic region.	A pregnant oviraptorid
Shixinggia	S. oblita	Sparse postcranial remains lacking the skull	An oviraptorid
first1 = J.	last1 = Lü	first2 = R.	last2 = Chen	first3 = S.L.	last3 = Brusatte	first4 = Y.	last4 = Zhu	first5 = C.	last5 = Shen	title = A Late Cretaceous diversification of Asian oviraptorid dinosaurs: evidence from a new species preserved in an unusual posture	journal = Scientific Reports	date = 2016	volume = 6	doi = 10.1038/srep35780	article-number=35780	pmid=27831542	pmc=5103654	bibcode = 2016NatSR...635780L}}	T. limosus	Almost complete skeleton, portions of the arms, right leg, and tail were destroyed by TNT blasts	An oviraptorid, the pose indicates that it may have died trying to free itself from mud	[[File:Tongtianlong-5.jpg	center	200px]]

[[Therizinosaur]]s

Therizinosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
Nanshiungosaurus	N. brevispinus	last1=Dong	first1=Z.	title=Mesozoic and Cenozoic Redbeds in Southern China	date=1979	publisher=Science Press	editor1=Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology	location=Beijing	pages=342–350	language=zh	chapter=Cretaceous dinosaur fossils in southern China	trans-chapter=Cretaceous dinosaurs of the Huanan (south China)	editor2=Nanjing Institute of Paleontology}} Translated paper (Archived from original)	A therizinosaurid	[[File:Nanshiungosaurus Restoration.png	center	150px]]

[[Tyrannosaurs]]

Tyrannosaurs of the Nanxiong Formation	Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
last1=Zheng	first1=Wenjie	last2=Jin	first2=Xingsheng	last3=Xie	first3=Junfang	last4=Du	first4=Tianming	date=2024-07-25	title=The first deep-snouted tyrannosaur from Upper Cretaceous Ganzhou City of southeastern China	journal=Scientific Reports	language=en	volume=14	issue=1	page=16276	doi=10.1038/s41598-024-66278-5	issn=2045-2322	doi-access=free	pmid=39054316	pmc=11272791	bibcode=2024NatSR..1416276Z }}	A. xui	A skull, partial legs, and fragmentary caudal vertebrae	A small-bodied tyrannosaurine	[[File:Asiatyrannus xui.png	center	200px]]
last1 = Lü	first1 = Junchang	last2 = Yi	first2 = Laiping	last3 = Brusatte	first3 = Stephen L.	last4 = Yang	first4 = Ling	last5 = Li	first5 = Hua	last6 = Chen	first6 = Liu	year = 2014	title = A new clade of Asian Late Cretaceous long-snouted tyrannosaurids	journal = Nature Communications	volume = 5	page = 3788	doi = 10.1038/ncomms4788	pmid = 24807588	doi-access = free	bibcode = 2014NatCo...5.3788L }}	Q. sinensis	A skull, lower jaw, vertebrae, both scapulocoracoids, a left femur and a left tibia	last1=Carr	first1=Thomas D.	last2=Varricchio	first2=David J.	last3=Sedlmayr	first3=Jayc C.	last4=Roberts	first4=Eric M.	last5=Moore	first5=Jason R.	title=A new tyrannosaur with evidence for anagenesis and crocodile-like facial sensory system	journal=Scientific Reports	date=2017	volume=7	article-number=44942	doi=10.1038/srep44942	pmid=28358353	pmc=5372470	bibcode=2017NatSR...744942C}}	[[File:Qianzhousaurus sinensis by PaleoGeek.png	center	200px]]
	Indeterminate	Two isolated teeth.	A tyrannosaurid
Indeterminate	Large and well-preserved tooth.	A tyrannosaurid

Other Theropods

Genus	Species	Material	Notes	Images
	Indeterminate	last1=Mo	first1=J.-Y.	last2=Xu	first2=X.	date=2015	title=Large theropod teeth from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi, southern China	journal=Vertebrata PalAsiatica	volume=53	issue=1	pages=63−72	url=http://www.ivpp.cas.cn/cbw/gjzdwxb/xbwzxz/201501/P020150112592082762393.pdf}}	A notably large theropod
Indeterminate	Isolated dorsal vertebra.	A theropod

References

(2004). ""Tertiary Dinosaurs" in the Nanxiong Basin, Southern China, Are Reworked from the Cretaceous". The Journal of Geology.
(1998). "Lower and Middle Cretaceous Terrestrial Ecosystems: Bulletin 14". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
(April 2007). "Geochemistry of the sedimentary rocks from the Nanxiong Basin, South China and implications for provenance, paleoenvironment and paleoclimate at the K/T boundary". Sedimentary Geology.
(2000-02-01). "Stable isotopic studies of dinosaur eggshells from the Nanxiong Basin, South China". Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences.
(1990). "Palaeontologia Cathayana". Springer.
(2018). "A new crocodyloid (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from the Upper Cretaceous of China". Cretaceous Research.
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(2008). "An Upper Cretaceous lizard with a lower temporal arcade". Naturwissenschaften.
(2010). "''Jiangxichelys'', a new nanhsiungchelyid turtle from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China". Geological Magazine.
H.-k. Yeh. 1966. A new Cretaceous turtle of Nanhsiung, northern Kwangtung. Vertebrata PalAsiatica
(2019). "A revision of the holotype of Nanhsiungchelys wuchingensis, Ye, 1966 (Testudines: Cryptodira: Trionychoidae: Nanhsiungchelyidae)". Cretaceous Research.
(2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
(2017). "Late Cretaceous ornithopod-dominated, theropod, and pterosaur track assemblages from the Nanxiong Basin, China: New discoveries, ichnotaxonomy, and paleoecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
(2013). "A New Somphospondylan Sauropod (Dinosauria, Titanosauriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province of Southern China". Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition).
(2023-09-21). "A New Titanosaurian Sauropod from the Upper Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, Southern China". Historical Biology.
(2024-01-17). "A new titanosaurian sauropod, ''Gandititan cavocaudatus'' gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Cretaceous of southern China". Journal of Systematic Palaeontology.
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Lü, J.. (2017). "High diversity of the Ganzhou Oviraptorid Fauna increased by a new "cassowary-like" crested species". Scientific Reports.
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(2019). "Reconstruction of oviraptorid clutches illuminates their unique nesting biology". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.
(2019). "Hatching Asynchrony in Oviraptorid Dinosaurs Sheds Light on Their Unique Nesting Biology". Integrative Organismal Biology.
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(2013). "A New Oviraptorosaur (Dinosauria: Oviraptorosauria) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern China and Its Paleoecological Implications". PLOS ONE.
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(2020). "An oviraptorid preserved atop an embryo-bearing egg clutch sheds light on the reproductive biology of non-avialan theropod dinosaurs". Science Bulletin.
(2020). "An oviraptorosaur adult-egg association from the Cretaceous of Jiangxi Province, China". Science.
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