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Muscles of mastication

Muscles that aid chewing

Summary

Muscles that aid chewing

Field	Value
Name	Muscles of mastication
Latin	musculi masticatorii
Image	Gray781.png
Caption	Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
Nerve	Mandibular nerve

The four classical muscles of mastication elevate the mandible (closing the jaw) and move it forward/backward and laterally, facilitating biting and chewing. Other muscles are responsible for opening the jaw, namely the geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and digastric muscles (the lateral pterygoid may play a role).

Structure

The muscles are:

The masseter (composed of the superficial and deep head)
The temporalis (the sphenomandibularis is considered a part of the temporalis by some sources, and a distinct muscle by others)
The medial pterygoid
The lateral pterygoid

In humans, the mandible, or lower jaw, is connected to the temporal bone of the skull via the temporomandibular joint. This is an extremely complex joint which permits movement in all planes. The muscles of mastication originate on the skull and insert into the mandible, thereby allowing for jaw movements during contraction.

Each of these primary muscles of mastication is paired, with each side of the mandible possessing one of the four.

Innervation

Unlike most of the other facial muscles, which are innervated by the facial nerve (or CN VII), the muscles of mastication are innervated by the trigeminal nerve (or CN V). More specifically, they are innervated by the mandibular branch, or V3. The mandibular nerve is both sensory and motor.

Development

Embryologically, the muscles of mastication are all derived from the first pharyngeal arch.

The muscles of facial expression, on the other hand, are derived from the second pharyngeal arch.

Function

The mandible is the only bone that moves during mastication and other activities, such as talking.

While these four muscles are the primary participants in mastication, other muscles help with the process, such as those of the tongue and the cheeks.

Prime mover	cc=by4	url=https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back}}
Masseter	Zygomatic arch	Mandible (coronoid process and ramus)
Temporalis	Temporal bone	Mandible (coronoid process and ramus)
Lateral pterygoid	Superior head: infratemporal surface of greater wing of sphenoid bone	Mandible; temporo-mandibular joint
Medial pterygoid	Deep head: medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate and palatine bone	Mandible (medial ramus below the mandibular foramen)

Clinical significance

Temporomandibular joint disorder
Bruxism

References

(June 28, 2023). ["Anatomy & Physiology"](https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology/pages/11-3-axial-muscles-of-the-head-neck-and-back}} {{cite book). OpenStax CNX.
Hansen, John T.. (2010). "HEAD AND NECK". Elsevier.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

muscles-of-the-head-and-neck chewing

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