Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari

General Refugee Congress

The first meeting of the General Refugee Congress (GRC) occurred on 17 March 1949 in Ramallah where al-Hawari was elected as president with Yahya Hammuda and 'Aziz Shihada as deputies. The Palestine Conciliation Commission (PCC) hoping to gain a degree of independent Palestinian representation, invited Al-Hawari to come and appear before the PCC.

At informal meetings at the Lausanne peace talks during May 1949, Al-Hawari as head of the Palestinian refugee delegation put forward to Eliahu Sasson a plan that Israel should accept 400,000 refugees to return to Palestine/Israel. A-Hawari put forward the argument that the Arab states did not want the refugees, would not assimilate them and that masses of refugees living on the cease fire lines, stateless and impoverished would give Israel nothing but grief. In June 1949 Al-Hawari contacted the Israeli Government suggesting an early solution to the refugee problem with 2 alternative plans; to create an independent Palestinian state or annex the West Bank to Israel.

The failure of the attempt by al-Hawari, Yahya Hammuda, 'Aziz Shihada, Sa’id Baidas and Francis Jelad to win a role for the independent refugee delegation at the Rhodes armistice talks in February 1949 and the subsequent Lausanne talks was an early demonstration of the weakness of the Palestinian Arab people to replace the previous leadership structure destroyed by the collapse of the Palestinian society during the 1948 conflict. Although efforts were made to gain formal recognition of the GRC as a negotiating body and political representative of the Palestinian people. The Jordanian Government gradually marginalized the GRC until it withered away. Leaving Palestinian society fractured and fragmented.

All Palestine Government

Egypt sought the aid of Al-Hawari in early 1950 to strengthen the Mufti's political position, A-Hawari did not comply.

Iqrit

Al-Hawari was involved with the first legal action against the state of Israel in 1951 on behalf of 5 men of the village of Iqrit. Al-Hawari acting as their lawyer was instrumental in gaining the right of return for the men of Iqrit. On 31 July 1951 the Israeli courts recognized the rights of the villagers to their land and their right to return to it. The court said the land was not abandoned and therefore could not be placed under the custodian of enemy property.

Published works

• Sir al-Nakba (The Secret Behind the Disaster), Nazareth – 1955

Footnotes

Bibliography

• Yoav Gelber (2006) Palestine 1948, Sussex Academic Press,
• Haim Levenberg (1993) "Military preparations of the Arab community in Palestine, 1945–1948: 1945–1948" Routledge
• Benny Morris (2008) 1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War. Yale University Press
• Benny Morris (2004) "Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited" Cambridge Press
• Joseph L. Ryan, S.J. "Refugees within Israel: The Case of the Villages of Kafr Bir'im and Iqrit" Journal of Palestinian studies 2, no. 4 (Sum. 73): 55–81.
• Ilan Pappé, (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld publications
• Ilan Pappé (1992) "The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947–1951" I B Tauris
• Avi Plascov (1981), "The Palestinian refugees in Jordan 1948–1957" Routledge
• Yezid Sayigh (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949–1993. Oxford University Press
• Avi Shlaim (1988 reprinted 2004) "The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921–1951 Oxford University Press

References

• Reference to "the late Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari"

References

1. Haim Levenberg (1993) "Military preparations of the Arab community in Palestine, 1945–1948: 1945–1948" Routledge {{ISBN. 0-7146-3439-5, p. 129
2. Benny Morris (2008) ''1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War''. Yale University Press {{ISBN. 978-0-300-12696-9, pp. 88–89.
3. Benny Morris (2004) "Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited" Cambridge Press {{ISBN. 0-521-00967-7, p. 111
4. Ilan Pappé, (2006) The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine Oneworld publications {{ISBN. 978-1-85168-467-0, p.122
5. Avi Plascov (1981), "The Palestinian refugees in Jordan 1948–1957" Routledge {{ISBN. 0-7146-3120-5, p. 20
6. Ilan Pappé (1992) "The Making of the Arab-Israeli Conflict 1947–1951" I B Tauris {{ISBN. 1-85043-819-6, p. 223
7. Benny Morris (2004) "Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited" Cambridge Press {{ISBN. 0-521-00967-7, p. 559
8. Yezid Sayigh (1999) "Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949–1993" Oxford University Press {{ISBN. 0-19-829643-6, p. 35
9. [http://fds.oup.com/www.oup.co.uk/pdf/0-19-829265-1.pdf Why Palestinian Nationalism?] {{webarchive. link. (2011-05-21 The Social, Economic, and Political Context after 1948)
10. Yezid Sayigh (1999) Armed Struggle and the Search for State: The Palestinian National Movement 1949–1993. Oxford University Press {{ISBN. 0-19-829643-6, p. 36
11. Avi Shlaim (1988 reprinted 2004) "The Politics of Partition; King Abdullah, The Zionists, and Palestine 1921–1951 Oxford University Press {{ISBN. 978-0-19-829459-7, p. 391.
12. [http://ipsnewsite.mysite4now.com/enakba/exodus/Ryan,%20Refugees%20within%20Israel.pdf Joseph L. Ryan, S.J.]{{Dead link. (April 2020)