Montenegrins

Genetics

According to one triple analysis – autosomal, mitochondrial and paternal — of available data from large-scale studies on South Slavs and their proximal populations, the whole genome SNP data situates Montenegrins with Serbs in between two Balkan clusters. According to a 2020 autosomal marker analysis, Montenegrins are situated in between Serbs and Kosovo Albanians.

Y-DNA genetic study done in 2010 on 404 male individuals from Montenegro gave the following results: haplogroup I2a (29.7%), E-V13 (26.9%), R1b (9.4%), R1a (7.6%), I1 (6.1%), J2a1 (4.7%), J2b (4.4%), G2a (2.4%), Q (1.9%), I2b (1.7%), N (1.4%), H (1.4%), L (1.2%), and J1 (0.49%). A 2022 study on 267 samples from northeastern Montenegro found that the "most common haplogroups are I2 and R1b, both identified in 23.97% of samples, followed by E (22.47%), J2 (11.61%), I1 (6.74%), G2 (3.75%), R1a (3.37%), I1 (1.12%), G (1.12%), N (0.75%), C (0.37%), T1 (0.37%) and Q1 (0.37%)".

History

Main article: History of Montenegro

Middle Ages

Slavs settled in the Balkans during the sixth and seventh centuries. According to De Administrando Imperio, there existed three Serb polities on the territory of modern Montenegro: Duklja, roughly corresponding to the southern half; Travunia, the west; and the Principality of Serbia, the north. Duklja emerged as an independent state during the 11th century, initially held by the Vojislavljević dynasty; it was conquered and incorporated into the state of the Nemanjić dynasty. De Administrando Imperio does not mention which Slavic people lived in Duklja, but the state was considered to be one of the first Serb states, alongside Raška formed chiefly under the Vlastimirović and Vojislavljević dynasties respectively.

After two centuries of Nemanjić dynasty rule, southern Montenegro (Zeta) came under the rule of the Balšić noble family in the 14th century, followed later by the Crnojević noble family. By the 15th century, Zeta was more often referred to as Crna Gora (Venetian: Monte Negro). The Crnojevići were driven out from Zeta by the Ottomans and forced to retreat above the Bay of Kotor, where they built a monastery and a royal court in Cetinje, the future royal capital of Montenegro, before eventually fleeing to Venice.

Modern era

Annexation of the Kingdom of Montenegro on 13 November 1918 gained international recognition at the Conference of Ambassadors in Paris, held on 13 July 1922.

Although Montenegrins comprised one of the smallest ethnic groups in the state (2.5% in 1971), they were the most overrepresented ethnic group in the Yugoslav bureaucracy, military, and communist party organs. In the Yugoslav People's Army, 19% of general officers and 30% of colonels were ethnic Montenegrins. Among party elites, Montenegrins made up 16% to 21% of senior officials throughout the existence of communist Yugoslavia, and comprised a similar portion of the state's diplomatic corps. Montenegrins were over-represented among Yugoslavia's elite, largely due to the pre-war strength of the Communist Party of Montenegro, the high proportion of Montenegrins among Partisan commanders and Central Committee members during the war, and a historically militaristic culture. During this period, ethnic Montenegrins also held about 15% of government jobs in Yugoslavia.

Language

Main article: Montenegrin language

In the census held in 2023, 71.4% of ethnic Montenegrins in Montenegro declared Montenegrin as their native language, 22.9% Serbian and 2.9% indicated Serbo-Croatian.

Religion

Most Ethnic Montenegrins are Eastern Orthodox. A majority of them adhere to the Serbian Orthodox Church, while a minority of them adhere to the Montenegrin Orthodox Church; the latter is registered as a non-governmental organization and is canonically unrecognised by the Eastern Orthodox Church.

References

Informational notes

Citations

Further reading

References

1. Dumont, Gérard-François. (2023). "Geopolitical Turmoil in the Balkans and Eastern Mediterranean". Springer.
2. Filipović, Ljubomir. (21 October 2024). "Montenegrins: An Identity Under Attack".
3. "Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in Montenegro 2023". Monstat.
4. [http://www.rtcg.me/vijesti/dijaspora/66019/sirom-svijeta-pola-miliona-crnogoraca.html Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca] {{Webarchive. link. (29 October 2019 ''Radio i Televizija Crne Gore'')
5. "Présentation du Monténégro".
6. (29 April 2023). "RZS objavio rezultate popisa o nacionalnoj pripadnosti stanovnika". N1.
7. "Stojović: U Čileu živi 7000 potomaka Crnogoraca".
8. "Statistiche demografiche ISTAT".
9. (8 February 2017). "2016 Census of Population". Statistics Canada.
10. {{Croatian Census 2021. M
11. "Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari". [[Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek]] (CBS).
12. "Statistini urad RS - Popis 2002".
13. (19 November 2017). "Who are the two million foreigners in Switzerland?".
14. (26 March 2018). "Bolivija: Po prvi put se okupili potomci iseljenika iz Crne Gore".
15. "1. Stanovništvo prema etničkoj/nacionalnoj pripadnosti - detaljna klasifikacija".
16. "Montenegro   Crna Gora   Montenegro". 2013 Census.
17. "Population by country of birth and country of Origin". Statistics of Sweden.
18. (26 March 2013). "2011 Census: Country of birth (expanded), regions in England and Wales". Office for National Statistics.
19. "Dabase".
20. "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents".
21. "DST statistics".
22. "Population and Housing Census 2023". [[Institute of Statistics (Albania).
23. [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/Documents/Vol4/pub-04-01.pdf Всероссийская перепись населения 2010. Национальный состав населения] {{Webarchive. link. (6 September 2018 {{in lang). ru
24. "Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010".
25. [https://www.nepo.unicamp.br/observatorio/bancointerativo/numeros-imigracao-internacional/sincre-sismigra/ Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)]
26. "Montenegro: Modernization and statehood".
27. (20 September 2014). "Širom svijeta pola miliona Crnogoraca". RTCG.
28. (26 October 2013). "U dijaspori živi još jedna Crna Gora". Montenegrina.
29. (2015). "Genetic Heritage of the South-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data". PLOS ONE.
30. (2020). "Allele frequencies and forensic parameters of 22 autosomal STR loci in a population of 983 individuals from Serbia and comparison with 24 other populations". [[Annals of Human Biology]].
31. (2022). "Genetic diversity of male population in six municipality of the north-eastern Montenegro". Journal of Bioanthropology.
32. Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, Emperor of the East. (1967). "De administrando imperio". Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
33. (2008). "Culture and Customs of Serbia and Montenegro". ABC-CLIO.
34. (2019). "Language Contact in Social Context: Kinship Terms and Kinship Relations of the Mrkovići in Southern Montenegro". Journal of Language Contact.
35. "Interesting things about the royal order of Montenegro - Untitled".
36. . (2007). "Yugoslavia From "National Communism" to National Collapse: US Intelligence Community Estimative Products on Yugoslavia, 1948-1990". *Government Printing Office*.
37. Lampe, John. (2000). "Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country". Cambridge University Press.
38. Austin, Robert. (2019). "Making and Remaking the Balkans: Nations and States since 1878". University of Toronto Press.
39. Petersen, Roger. (2011). "Western Intervention in the Balkans: The Strategic Use of Emotion in Conflict". Cambridge University Press.
40. Morrock, Richard. (2014). "The Psychology of Genocide and Violent Oppression: A Study of Mass Cruelty from Nazi Germany to Rwanda". McFarland.
41. "Skoro 60.000 Crnogoraca zbori srpski".
42. "Crnogorska pravoslavna crkva: Čiji je manastir Ostrog". BBC News na srpskom.
43. (2010). "World and Its Peoples". Marshall Cavendish Corporation.
44. (2011). "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia: An Encyclopedia". ABC-CLIO.