Mongolitubulus

Morphology

The fossils consist of round, slender, pointed, spines with a slight curvature, and are covered with short rhomboid processes that spiral around the spine surface, forming a regular mosaic with a 60° angle of intersection. Spines vary from sub-millimetric up to two centimetres in length, but do not show any growth lines, suggesting that they were moulted and replaced. Species are defined on the basis of the ornamentation, which may of course be convergent.

Spines of Rhombocorniculum cancellatum have a similar surface ornamentation and are also curved, sometimes in two dimensions to form a 'screw'; they had an inner and outer organic layer that surrounded a layer of pillar-like apatite crystals; these enclosed a honeycomb-like structure of narrow edge-parallel chambers. This genus is a useful biostratigraphic marker of the Lower Cambrian. The rhomboid ornament uniformly covers all the spine, with the exception (in some cases) of the smooth-surfaced tip.

Mongolitubulus has a comparable structure; phosphatic fossils show that there was a smooth outer layer about 2–3.5 μm thick, a 10–15 μm-thick inner layer comprising axis-parallel fibres that are each ~1 μm wide, and a large cavity in the centre of the spine.

Species

Affinity

M. henrikseni has been shown to be part of the carapace of a bivalved bradoriid arthropod. However, the affinity of M. squamifer is still unresolved; the genus may transpire to be a form taxon, which would require M. henrikseni to be re-classified into a new genus. Unlike the spines of M. henrikseni, which flare out at the base where they attach to the cuticle, the spines of M. squamifer are more parallel-sided, with the fossil material becoming thinner towards the base: consistent with their attachment to non-mineralized cuticle. M. squamifer spines appear to have formed in pairs, owing to their symmetry; on this basis they have been likened to the spines of certain armoured lobopods known from Burgess shale-type deposits. This speculative claim has been substantiated for some material attributed to Mongolitubulus, based on similarities with the spines of the hallucigeniid lobopodians.

The trilobite Hupeidiscus orinentalis has spinose projections with a rhomboidal ornamentation that resembles that seen in Mongolitubulus, so some Mongolitubulus material may represent trilobites.

Preservation

The spines often comprise layers of phosphate, with a central void often infilled with diagenetic phosphate. Similar spines have been recovered from acid macerations, where they are preserved as films of organic carbon.

Distribution

Mongolitubulus is known from the Botomian to the lower strata of the Middle Cambrian, being found on every continent including Antarctica.

Rhombocorniculum is known from a variety of localities, including England and Massachusetts.

References

References

1. Missarzhevsky, V. V.. (1977). "Bespozvonochnye Paleozoya Mongolii [Paleozoic invertebrates of Mongolia]".
2. (2011). "A middle Cambrian fauna of skeletal fossils from the Kuonamka Formation, northern Siberia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology.
3. Jean-Bernard Caron, Martin R. Smith & Thomas H. P. Harvey. (2013). "Beyond the Burgess Shale: Cambrian microfossils track the rise and fall of hallucigeniid lobopodians". [[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]].
4. (2003). "Microstructure and functional morphology of the Early Cambrian problematical fossil Rhombocorniculum *". Progress in Natural Science.
5. Otto H. Walliser. (1958). "''Rhombocorniculum comleyense ''n. gen., n. sp". Paläontologische Zeitschrift.
6. (2005). "A carapace of the bradoriid arthropod ''Mongolitubulus'' from the Early Cambrian of Greenland". GFF.
7. Hinz, I.. (1987). "The Lower Cambrian microfauna of Comley and Rushton, Shropshire/England". Palaeontographica Abteilung A.
8. (1991). "Upper Precambrian through Lower Cambrian of Cape Breton Island: Faunas, Paleoenvironments, and Stratigraphic Revision". Journal of Paleontology.
9. Topper, T. P., Skovsted, C. B., Brock, G. A. & Paterson, J. R.. (2007). "New bradoriids from the lower Cambrian Mernmerna Formation, South Australia: systematics, biostratigraphy and biogeography". Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists.
10. (2011). "The oldest bivalved arthropods from the early Cambrian of East Gondwana: Systematics, biostratigraphy and biogeography". Gondwana Research.
11. Li, G.. (2012). "Early Cambrian eodiscoid trilobite ''Hupeidiscus orientalis'' from South China: ontogeny and implications for affinities of ''Mongolitubulus''-like sclerites". Bulletin of Geosciences.
12. (1996). "Burgess Shale-Type Preservation of Both Non-Mineralizing and 'Shelly' Cambrian Organisms from the Mackenzie Mountains, Northwestern Canada". Journal of Paleontology.
13. (1986). "The succession of small shelly fossils (especially conoidal microfossils) from English Precambrian–Cambrian boundary beds". Geological Magazine.
14. Landing, E. (1988). "Lower Cambrian of Eastern Massachusetts: Stratigraphy and Small Shelly Fossils". Journal of Paleontology.