Monetaria annulus

Description

The shell size varies between 9 mm and 50 mm. The shell of this species is mostly off-white or pale yellowish in color, sometimes with a dark cast on the dorsum, and with two yellow or orange stripes along the upper sides. These stripes nearly touch at the ends, giving the impression of a ring.

Distribution

This species and its subspecies are found in the Red Sea, and in the Indian Ocean on the coasts of Aldabra, Chagos, the Comores, the East Coast of South Africa, Kenya and Tanzania, Madagascar, the Mascarene Basin, Mauritius, Mozambique, Réunion, the Seychelles, Somalia, Yemen, Oman, Maldives, India, Sri Lanka, Mozambique, in the tropical Pacific Ocean as far north as Hawaii and towards the western Pacific reaching the Galápagos islands.

Subspecies

There may be three or more subspecies:

• Monetaria annulus alboguttata Bozzetti, 2015
• Monetaria annulus meli Bozzetti, 2018
• Monetaria annulus camelorum
• Monetaria annulus noumeensis (Marie, 1869): synonym of Monetaria annulus annulus (Linnaeus, 1758) represented as Monetaria annulus (Linnaeus, 1758)
• Monetaria annulus sublitorea Lorenz, 1997 (taxon inquirendum)
• Monetaria annulus obvelata (Rochebr.)

The subspecies obvelata is sometimes elevated to full species status as Monetaria obvelata.

Use as shell money

In parts of Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Monetaria annulus, the ring cowry, so-called because of the bright orange-colored ring on the back or upper side of the shell, was commonly used as shell money much like Monetaria moneta. Occasionally the ring part on its back would be hammered away, making it nearly indistinguishable from other money cowry species. Many shells of the species were found by Sir Austen Henry Layard in his excavations at Nimrud in 1845–1851. The shell was also introduced to Native Americans during and after the fur trade by European traders as a cheaper substitute http://images.worthpoint.com/files/144/5cfe496a4ef31f81f5f49e2a29891c04.jpg for highly treasured elk ivory, for dowry, and for other uses as ornaments.

Images of shells

File:Erosaria_annulus_linne.jpg | File:Monetaria_annulus_0004.JPG| File:Monetaria_annulus_0011.JPG | File:Monetaria_annulus_0002.jpg | Ventral view File:Monetaria_annulus_0030.JPG| Monetaria annulus with the dorsum cut off File:Monetaria_sublitorea_600x600.jpg| Monetaria annulus sublitorea may be a subspecies File:Monetaria_obvelata_600x600.jpg |Monetaria annulus obvelata may be a Tahitian subspecies

References

• Verdcourt, B. (1954). The cowries of the East African Coast (Kenya, Tanganyika, Zanzibar and Pemba). Journal of the East Africa Natural History Society 22(4) 96: 129-144, 17 pls.

References

1. {{WRMS species. 216875. ''Monetaria annulus'' (Linnaeus)
2. {{WRMS species. 570809. ''Monetaria obvelata'' (Lamarck, 1810)
3. "Canku Ota - April 20, 2002 - Elk-teeth Dress is Epitome of Crow Status and Style".