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Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

Payload imaging sensor

Summary

Payload imaging sensor

Ash plumes on [[Kamchatka Peninsula]], eastern Russia.

[[Hurricane Katrina]] near the Florida peninsula.

Solar irradiance spectrum and MODIS bands.

This detailed, photo-like view of Earth is based largely on observations from MODIS.

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a satellite-based sensor used for earth and climate measurements. There are two MODIS sensors in Earth orbit: one on board the Terra (EOS AM) satellite, launched by NASA in 1999; and one on board the Aqua (EOS PM) satellite, launched in 2002. Since 2011, MODIS operations have been supplemented by VIIRS sensors, such as the one aboard Suomi NPP. The systems often conduct similar operations due to their similar designs and orbits (with VIIRS data systems designed to be compatible with MODIS), though they have subtle differences contributing to similar but not identical uses.

The MODIS instruments were built by Santa Barbara Remote Sensing. They capture data in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 μm to 14.4 μm and at varying spatial resolutions (2 bands at 250 m, 5 bands at 500 m and 29 bands at 1 km). Together the instruments image the entire Earth every 1 to 2 days. They are designed to provide measurements in large-scale global dynamics including changes in Earth's cloud cover, radiation budget and processes occurring in the oceans, on land, and in the lower atmosphere.

Support and calibration is provided by the MODIS characterization support team (MCST).

Applications

With its high temporal resolution although low spatial resolution, MODIS data are useful to track changes in the landscape over time. Examples of such applications are the monitoring of vegetation health by means of time-series analyses with vegetation indices, long term land cover changes (e.g. to monitor deforestation rates), global snow cover trends, water inundation from pluvial, riverine, or sea level rise flooding in coastal areas, change of water levels of major lakes such as the Aral Sea, and the detection and mapping of wildland fires in the United States. The United States Forest Service's Remote Sensing Applications Center analyzes MODIS imagery on a continuous basis to provide information for the management and suppression of wildfires.

Specifications

Specifications	Dimensions
Orbit	705 m, 10:30 a.m. descending node (Terra) or 1:30 p.m. ascending node (Aqua), Sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular
Scan rate	20.3 rpm, cross track
Swath	2330 km (cross track) by 10 km (along track at nadir)
Telescope	17.78 cm diam. off-axis, afocal (collimated), with intermediate field stop
Size	1.0 × 1.6 × 1.0 m
Weight	228.7 kg
Power	162.5 W (single orbit average)
Data rate	10.6 Mbit/s (peak daytime); 6.1 Mbit/s (orbital average)
Quantization	12 bits
Spatial resolution	250 m (bands 1–2) 500 m (bands 3–7) 1000 m (bands 8–36)
Temporal resolution	1–2 days
Design life	6 years

Calibration

MODIS utilizes four on-board calibrators in addition to the space view in order to provide in-flight calibration: solar diffuser (SD), solar diffuser stability monitor (SDSM), spectral radiometric calibration assembly (SRCA), and a v-groove black body. MODIS has used the marine optical buoy for vicarious calibration.

MODIS bands

	Band		Wavelength
(nm)		Resolution
(m)		Primary use		Band		Wavelength
(μm)		Resolution
(m)		Primary use
	1		620–670		250	Land/cloud/aerosols
boundaries
	2		841–876		250
	3		459–479		500	Land/cloud/aerosols
properties
	4		545–565		500
	5		1230–1250		500
	6		1628–1652		500
	7		2105–2155		500
	8		405–420		1000	Ocean color/
phytoplankton/
biogeochemistry
	9		438–448		1000
	10		483–493		1000
	11		526–536		1000
	12		546–556		1000
	13		662–672		1000
	14		673–683		1000
	15		743–753		1000
	16		862–877		1000
	17		890–920		1000	Atmospheric
water vapor
	18		931–941		1000
	19		915–965		1000
	20		3.660–3.840		1000	Surface/cloud
temperature
	21		3.929–3.989		1000
	22		3.929–3.989		1000
	23		4.020–4.080		1000
	24		4.433–4.498		1000	Atmospheric
temperature
	25		4.482–4.549		1000
	26		1.360–1.390		1000	Cirrus clouds
water vapor
	27		6.535–6.895		1000
	28		7.175–7.475		1000
	29		8.400–8.700		1000	Cloud properties
	30		9.580–9.880		1000	Ozone
	31		10.780–11.280		1000	Surface/cloud
temperature
	32		11.770–12.270		1000
	33		13.185–13.485		1000	Cloud top
altitude
	34		13.485–13.785		1000
	35		13.785–14.085		1000
	36		14.085–14.385		1000

MODIS data

MODIS Level 3 datasets

The following MODIS Level 3 (L3) datasets are available from NASA, as processed by the Collection 5 software.

Daily	8-day	16-day	32-day	Monthly	Yearly	Grid	Platform	Description
MxD08_D3	MxD08_E3	—	—	MxD08_M3	—	1° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Aerosol, cloud water vapor, ozone
MxD10A1	MxD10A2	—	—	—	—	500 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Snow cover
MxD11A1	MxD11A2	—	—	—	—	1000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
MxD11B1	—	—	—	—	—	6000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
MxD11C1	MxD11C2	—	—	MxD11C3	—	0.05° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Land surface temperature/emissivity
—	—	MxD13C1	—	MxD13C2	—	0.05° CMG	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
MxD14A1	MxD14A2	—	—	—	—	1000 m SIN	Terra, Aqua	Thermal anomalies, fire
—	—	—	—	MCD45A1	—	500 m SIN	Terra+Aqua	Burned area

250 m SIN	500 m SIN	1000 m SIN	0.05° CMG	1° CMG	Time window	Platform	Description
MxD09Q1	MxD09A1	—	—	—	8-day	Terra, Aqua	Surface reflectance
—	—	—	MxD09CMG	—	Daily	Terra, Aqua	Surface reflectance
—	MCD12Q1	—	MCD12C1	—	Yearly	Terra+Aqua	Land cover type
—	MCD12Q2	—	—	—	Yearly	Terra+Aqua	Land cover dynamics
MxD13Q1	MxD13A1	MxD13A2	MxD13C1	—	16-day	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
—	—	MxD13A3	MxD13C2	—	Monthly	Terra, Aqua	Vegetation indices
—	MCD43A1	MCD43B1	MCD43C1	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	BRDF/albedo model parameters
—	MCD43A3	MCD43B3	MCD43C3	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	Albedo
—	MCD43A4	MCD43B4	MCD43C4	—	16-day	Terra+Aqua	Nadir BRDF-adjusted reflectance

Image based on observations from MODIS}}

References

"VIIRS; Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite". NASA.
"Detecting forest fires with satellites (MODIS and VIIRS)". UN Office for Outer Space Affairs.
"MODIS Components".
"MODIS Characterization Support Team".
LU, L., KUENZER, C., WANG, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., 2015: Evaluation of three MODIS-derived Vegetation Index Time Series for Dry land Vegetation Dynamics Monitoring. Remote Sensing, 2015, 7, 7597–7614; doi:10.3390/rs70607597
LEINENKUGEL; P., WOLTERS, M., OPPELT, N., KUENZER, C., 2014: Tree cover and forest cover dynamics in the Mekong Basin from 2001 to 2011. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 158, 376–392
KLEIN, I., GESSNER, U. and C. KUENZER, 2012: Regional land cover mapping in Central Asia using MODIS time series. Applied Geography 35, 1–16
LU, L., KUENZER, C., GUO, H., Li, Q., LONG, T., LI, X., 2014: A Novel Land Cover Classification Map Based on MODIS Time-series in Nanjing, China. Remote Sensing, 6, 3387–3408; doi:10.3390/rs6043387
GESSNER, U.; MACHWITZ, M.; ESCH, T.; TILLACK, A.; NAEIMI, V.; KUENZER, C.; DECH, S. (2015): Multi-sensor mapping of West African land cover using MODIS, ASAR and TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X data. Remote Sensing of Environment. 282–297
(2002). "MODIS snow-cover products". Remote Sensing of Environment.
(1995). "Development of methods for mapping global snow cover using moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer data". Remote Sensing of Environment.
KUENZER, C, KLEIN, I., ULLMANN; T., FOUFOULA-GEORGIOU, E., BAUMHAUER, R., DECH, S., 2015: Remote Sensing of River Delta Inundation: exploiting the Potential of coarse spatial Resolution, temporally-dense MODIS Time Series. Remote Sensing, 7, 8516–8542
KLEIN, I., DIETZ, A., GESSNER, U., DECH, S., KUENZER, C., 2015: Results of the Global WaterPack: a novel product to assess inland water body dynamics on a daily basis. Remote Sensing Letters, Vol. 6, No. 1, 78–87
[http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOfChange/aral_sea.php?src=features-hp&eocn=home&eoci=feature "Shrinking Aral Sea."]''NASA Earth Observatory.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.
Wigglesworth, Alex. (2019-11-06). "Satellite image shows Kincade fire burn scar". [[Los Angeles Times]].
[http://activefiremaps.fs.fed.us/faq.php "MODIS Active Fire Mapping Program FAQs."] {{webarchive. link. (2 July 2013 ''United States Forest Service.'' Retrieved: 30 September 2014.)
[http://modis.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/ NASA.gov]
"MODIS Design".
"MODIS Products Table".
"About Reverb".
"LANCE-MODIS". NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.

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