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Mineral deficiency

FieldValue
nameMineral deficiency

Mineral deficiency is a lack of dietary minerals, the micronutrients that are needed for an organism's proper health. The cause may be a poor diet, impaired uptake of the minerals that are consumed, or a dysfunction in the organism's use of the mineral after it is absorbed. These deficiencies can result in many disorders including anemia and goitre. Examples of mineral deficiency include zinc deficiency, iron deficiency, and magnesium deficiency.

Individual deficiency

MineralSymptoms & DiagnosisInformation
Calcium deficiencylast=Murphyfirst=Eauthor2=Williamstitle=Hypocalcemiajournal=Medicineyear=2009volume=37issue=9pages=465–468doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2009.06.003}}Parathyroid related or vitamin D related.
Chromium deficiencylast=Freundfirst=Herbertauthor2=Atamian, Susanauthor3=Fischer, Josef E.title=Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutritionjournal=JAMAvolume=241issue=5pages=496–498date=February 1979pmid=104057doi=10.1001/jama.1979.03290310036012}}title = Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergiesyear = 2017url = https://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/assets/DRV_Summary_tables_jan_17.pdf}} those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex.
Copper deficiencyfirst1= Ivolast1= Scheiberfirst2= Ralflast2= Dringenfirst3= Julian F. B.last3= Mercereditor=Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigeltitle=Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseasesseries=Metal Ions in Life Sciencesvolume=13year=2013publisher=Springerpages=359–387chapter=Chapter 11. Copper: Effects of Deficiency and Overloaddoi=10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_11pmid= 24470097isbn= 978-94-007-7499-5}}last1=Halfdanarsonfirst1=Thorvardur R.last2=Kumarfirst2=Neerajlast3=Lifirst3=Chin-Yanglast4=Phylikyfirst4=Robert L.last5=Hoganfirst5=William J.title=Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency: a retrospective reviewjournal=European Journal of Haematologypublisher=Wileyvolume=80issue=6date=2008-02-13issn=0902-4441doi=10.1111/j.1600-0609.2008.01050.xpages=523–531pmid=18284630s2cid=38534852 }} The most common cause of copper deficiency is a remote gastrointestinal surgery, such as gastric bypass surgery, due to malabsorption of copper, or zinc toxicity.
Fluorine deficiencyIncreased dental caries and possibly osteoporosisFluorine is not considered to be an essential nutrient, but the importance of fluorides for preventing tooth decay is well-recognized, although the effect is predominantly topical.
iron deficiencyfatigue, dizziness/lightheadedness, pallor, hair loss, twitches, irritability, weakness, pica, brittle or grooved nails, hair thinning, pagophagia, restless legs syndromeIron deficiency may be caused by blood loss, inadequate intake, medications interfering with absorption, mechanical hemolysis from athletics, malabsorption syndromes, inflammation, and parasitic infections. In a 2014 U.S. government consumption survey and reported that for men and women ages 20 and older the average iron intakes were, respectively, 16.6 and 12.6 mg/day.
Iodine deficiencyGoiter, congenital iodine deficiency syndrome, and fibrocystic breast changesIn areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil. Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency.
Manganese deficiencySkeletal deformation and inhibits the production of collagen in wound healing.Manganese is a vital element of nutrition in very small quantities (adult male daily intake 2.3 milligrams).
Magnesium deficiencyTiredness, generalized weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, increased irritability of the nervous system with tremors, paresthesias, palpitations, low potassium levels in the blood, hypoparathyroidism which might result in low calcium levels in the blood, chondrocalcinosis, spasticity and tetany, migraines, epileptic seizures, The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia). basal ganglia calcifications and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death. Magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency may worsen insulin resistance, a condition that often precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of insulin resistance. Normal magnesium levels are between 0.6 and 1.1 mmol/L (1.46–2.68 mg/dL) with levels less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) defining hypomagnesemia. Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be seen.Causes include low dietary intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, poor absorption from the intestines, and diabetes mellitus. A number of medications may also cause low magnesium, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide.
Molybdenum deficiencyHigh blood methionine, low blood uric acid, and low urinary uric acid and sulfate concentrations.title = Molybdenumurl=https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/minerals/molybdenum/work = Linus Pauling Institutepublisher = Oregon State Universityaccess-date=2008-11-29}}
Potassium deficiencylast1=Ziegfirst1=Jlast2=Gonsorcikovafirst2=Llast3=Landaufirst3=Dtitle=Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children.journal=Acta Paediatricadate=July 2016volume=105issue=7pages=762–72pmid=26972906doi=10.1111/apa.13398s2cid=19579505}} Symptoms may include feeling tired, leg cramps, weakness, and constipation.Causes of potassium deficiencyinclude vomiting, diarrhea, medications like furosemide and steroids, dialysis, diabetes insipidus, hyperaldosteronism, hypomagnesemia, and not enough intake in the diet. It is classified as severe when levels are less than 2.5 mmol/L. Low levels may also be suspected based on an electrocardiogram (ECG). Hyperkalemia is a high level of potassium in the blood serum.
Selenium deficiencySignificant negative results, affecting the health of the heart, Keshan disease and the nervous system; contributing to depression, anxiety, and dementia; and interfering with reproduction and gestation.last1=Jonesfirst1=Gerrad D.last2=Drozfirst2=Borislast3=Grevefirst3=Peterlast4=Gottschalkfirst4=Pialast5=Poffetfirst5=Deyanlast6=McGrathfirst6=Steve P.last7=Seneviratnefirst7=Sonia I.last8=Smithfirst8=Petelast9=Winkelfirst9=Lenny H. E.title=Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate changejournal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesvolume=114issue=11date=2017-03-14issn=0027-8424pmid=28223487pmc=5358348doi=10.1073/pnas.1611576114pages=2848–2853doi-access=free }}
Sodium deficiencypmid=24259701date=October 2013last1=Babarfirst1=S.title=SIADH Associated With Ciprofloxacin.volume=47url=http://aop.sagepub.com/content/47/10/1359.full.pdfissue=10pages=1359–63issn=1060-0280journal=The Annals of Pharmacotherapydoi=10.1177/1060028013502457s2cid=36759747access-date=November 18, 2013url-status=deadarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501034854/http://aop.sagepub.com/content/47/10/1359.full.pdfarchive-date=May 1, 2015 }} Severe symptoms include confusion, seizures, and coma.The causes of hyponatremia are typically classified by a person's body fluid status into low volume, normal volume, or high volume. Low volume hyponatremia can occur from diarrhea, vomiting, diuretics, and sweating.
Zinc deficiencyCommon symptoms include increased rates of diarrhea. Zinc deficiency affects the skin and gastrointestinal tract; brain and central nervous system, immune, skeletal, and reproductive systems.url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919234044/https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/date=19 September 2017 }}, pp. 442–501 in Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press. 2001.

References

References

  1. "Introduction: Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity: Merck Manual Professional".
  2. Murphy, E. (2009). "Hypocalcemia". Medicine.
  3. Freund, Herbert. (February 1979). "Chromium deficiency during total parenteral nutrition". JAMA.
  4. (2022-03-15). "Chromium".
  5. (2017). "Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies".
  6. (2022-01-27). "Chromium supplements for glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: limited evidence of effectiveness". Nutrition Reviews.
  7. (2013). "Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Obes Rev.
  8. (2013). "Interrelations between Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases". Springer.
  9. (2008-02-13). "Hematological manifestations of copper deficiency: a retrospective review". Wiley.
  10. (2004). "Essential nutrients in drinking-water (Draft)". [[World Health Organization.
  11. (September 2007). "Community water fluoridation and caries prevention: a critical review". Clin Oral Investig.
  12. (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital". Sleep Medicine.
  13. "What We Eat In America, NHANES 2013–2014". US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service.
  14. (12 February 2014). "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager.
  15. (1996). "Present Knowledge in Nutrition". ILSI Press.
  16. (2012-06-01). "Can magnesium supplementation reduce seizures in people with epilepsy? A hypothesis". Epilepsy Research.
  17. (2015). "Goldman-Cecil Medicine E-Book". Elsevier Health Sciences.
  18. "Basal Ganglia Calcification with Hypomagnesemia".
  19. (2016-05-27). "Genetic causes of hypomagnesemia, a clinical overview". Pediatric Nephrology.
  20. Kobrin, SM. (Nov 1990). "Magnesium deficiency.". Seminars in Nephrology.
  21. (October 2010). "European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: Electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution.". Resuscitation.
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  23. (January 2016). "Hypomagnesemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Vicious Circle?". Diabetes.
  24. III, James L. Lewis. (2021-09-29). "Hypomagnesemia - Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders".
  25. "Molybdenum". Oregon State University.
  26. (July 2016). "Current views on the diagnosis and management of hypokalaemia in children.". Acta Paediatrica.
  27. (2006). "Principles and Practice of Geriatric Medicine". Wiley.
  28. (3 April 2019). "Selenium–Fascinating Microelement, Properties and Sources in Food". Molecules.
  29. (2017-03-14). "Selenium deficiency risk predicted to increase under future climate change". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
  30. (October 2013). "SIADH Associated With Ciprofloxacin.". The Annals of Pharmacotherapy.
  31. (4 August 2015). "In The Clinic: Hyponatremia.". Annals of Internal Medicine.
  32. (July 2016). "The clinical management of hyponatraemia.". Postgraduate Medical Journal.
  33. (2000). "Hyponatremia". Endotext.
  34. (13 May 2014). "Management of hyponatremia.". CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal.
  35. (April 2016). "Ten common pitfalls in the evaluation of patients with hyponatremia.". European Journal of Internal Medicine.
  36. (2013). "Rosen's Emergency Medicine – Concepts and Clinical Practice". Elsevier Health Sciences.
  37. [https://www.nap.edu/read/10026/chapter/14/ "Zinc"] {{webarchive. link. (19 September 2017 , pp. 442–501 in ''Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc''. National Academy Press. 2001.)
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