Methylparaben

Natural occurrences

Methylparaben serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.

It is a pheromone in wolves produced during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.

Uses

Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products. It is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.

Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media at 0.1%. To Drosophila, methylparaben is toxic at higher concentrations, has an estrogenic effect (mimicking estrogen in rats and having anti-androgenic activity), and slows the growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at 0.2%.

Safety

Methylparaben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals. In a population with normal skin, methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported. A 2008 study found no competitive binding for human estrogen and androgen receptors for methylparaben, but varying levels of competitive binding were seen with butyl- and isobutyl-paraben.

Some controversy exists about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics. Methylparaben and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the USFDA for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation. Methylparaben is readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.

Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin. It is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.

Methylparaben applied on the skin may react with UVB, leading to increased skin aging and DNA damage.

References

References

1. "Methylparaben Experimental Properties". PubChem.
2. (2020). "Review of the safety of application of cosmetic products containing parabens". Journal of Applied Toxicology.
3. "Semiochemical - me-4-hydroxybenzoate". pherobase.com.
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6. "Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center".
7. (2009). "Toxicity and Estrogen Effects of Methyl Paraben on Drosophila melanogaster". Food Science.
8. (2008). "Final amended report on the safety assessment of Methylparaben, Ethylparaben, Propylparaben, Isopropylparaben, Butylparaben, Isobutylparaben, and Benzylparaben as used in cosmetic products". International Journal of Toxicology.
9. (2015). "Occurrence, fate and behavior of parabens in aquatic environments: A review". Water Research.
10. (9 September 2020). "Parabens". [[Food and Drug Administration]].
11. (October 2002). "Evaluation of the health aspects of methyl paraben: a review of the published literature". Food and Chemical Toxicology.
12. (October 2006). "Methylparaben potentiates UV-induced damage of skin keratinocytes". Toxicology.
13. (August 2008). "Combined activation of methyl paraben by light irradiation and esterase metabolism toward oxidative DNA damage". Chemical Research in Toxicology.