Mentha canadensis

Description

Mentha canadensis is a perennial plant with an underground creeping rhizome and upright, much-branched shoots. It can grow to a height of about 60 cm. It has finely hairy stems bearing opposite pairs of leaves. Each leaf is borne on a short stalk and has a wedge-shaped base and is lanceolate or ovate, with a toothed margin and a hairy surface. The flowers are borne in spikes at the tips of the shoots. The flowers may be bluish, pink or white. They are arranged in a spiral around the inflorescence. Each flower has five sepals, four petals, four stamens and a superior ovary. The fruit is dry, and splits open when ripe releasing the two seeds.

Taxonomy

Mentha canadensis was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753. It has been described since under a large number of synonyms, including as varieties or subspecies of M. arvensis, some of which, such as M. arvensis var. sachalinensis Briq., were subsequently raised to the status of a full species. Thus the Flora of China, in a volume published in 1994, lists M. canadensis and M. sachalinensis as separate species, distinguishing them on the basis of features such as degree of branching, hairiness and leaf shape. More recent sources treat M. canadensis as a single variable species with many synonyms and a wide distribution in North America and eastern temperate and tropical Asia.

Mentha canadensis is an amphidiploid with 2n = 96 chromosomes. It is believed to be derived from ancient hybridization between M. arvensis (2n = 72) and M. longifolia (2n = 24).

Distribution

Mentha canadensis has been found as a native species of mint around the world. Below is a detailed list of countries and states in which Mentha canadensis is considered to be native.

Asia (both temperate and tropical)

• East Asia: China; Japan( Hokkaido, Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku); Korea
• Russian Far East: Russian Federation (Kurile Islands, Khabarovsk, Primorye, Amur and Sakhalin)
• Siberia: Russian Federation (Buryatia, Tuva, Yakutia-Sakha, Krasnoyarsk, Chita and Irkutsk)
• Indian Subcontinent: India; Nepal; Sri Lanka
• Indo-China: Cambodia; Laos; Myanmar; Thailand; Vietnam
• Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines Northern America
• Eastern Canada: Canada (Quebec, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Newfoundland)
• North-Central U.S.: United States (Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin)
• Northeastern U.S.: United States (Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont and West Virginia)
• Northwestern U.S.: United States (Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington and Wyoming)
• South-Central U.S.: United States (New Mexico and Texas)
• Southeastern U.S.: United States (Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia)
• Southwestern U.S.: United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah)
• Subarctic America: Canada (Northwest Territory and Yukon); United States (Alaska)
• Western Canada: Canada (Saskatchewan, Alberta, Manitoba and British Columbia)

Cultivation

Mentha canadensis is cultivated throughout the world:

• Africa
  • Angola, South Africa, Seychelles
• Asia
  • China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, India, Thailand, New Zealand
• Northern America
  • Mexico, United States
• Southern America
  • Brazil, Cuba, Argentina

Uses

It is grown in Hungary for essential oil and menthol production. It also contains a significant amount of pulegone.

The leaves have a distinct peppermint smell when pinched or crushed as the plant contains aromatic oils. The leaves can be picked at any time during plant growth, and may be dried. They are used in making mint jelly, mint tea, and mint leaf candy.{{Citation

Mint essential oil is known to be effective as insect repellent for insects such as Drosophila melanogaster.

Medicinal uses

One of the most important essential oils used in medicine is Japanese mint oil. Mentha canadensis is rich in natural menthol compared to other mint species, and menthol is used extensively in a number of pharmaceutical preparations. Approximately 4000 tons of Japanese mint oil and 2000 tons of menthol were produced in the world in 1998. The major producing countries are Brazil, Paraguay, Taiwan, Japan, China, India, and Thailand.

References

References

1. (1 November 2024). "''Mentha canadensis''".
2. (2015-07-09). "''Mentha canadensis''".
3. (1999). "CRC world dictionary of plant names : common names, scientific names, eponyms, synonyms, and etymology". CRC Press.
4. (2015). "English Names for Korean Native Plants". [[Korea National Arboretum]].
5. "''Mentha canadensis'' in Flora of China @ efloras.org".
6. (1977). "Wildflowers Across the Prairies". Western Producer Books.
7. (1994). "Flora of China ''(online)''". eFloras.org.
8. "''Mentha canadensis'': American wild mint". Go Botany.
9. "''Mentha canadensis'' L.". [[International Plant Names Index.
10. (2007). "Mint: The Genus ''Mentha''". CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group.
11. "''Mentha canadensis'' L.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
12. (1992). "Cultivation and processing of medicinal plants". Wiley.
13. (1949). "The essential oils". D. Van Nostrand Co..
14. Schultes, R. E. (1993). Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Edited by Olayiwola Akerele, Vernon Heywood & Hugh Synge. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, UK: xiii+ 362 pp., 20× 15× 3 cm, no price indicated, 1991. ''Environmental Conservation'', ''20''(01), 93–93.
15. {{GRIN