Melanoleuca melaleuca

Taxonomy

The species name was originated by the Swedish mycologist Christian Hendrik Persoon in his 1801 publication Synopsis Methodica Fungorum, as Agaricus melaleucus. This formed the basis for the genus name Melanoleuca which was invented by Narcisse Théophile Patouillard in 1897 as a variant of Melaleuca.

Patouillard had originally named the genus Melaleuca in 1887 and called the type species M. vulgaris, presumably to avoid a tautonym. In 1897 Patouillard changed the name of the genus to Melanoleuca. According to modern nomenclatural rules, the older genus name should normally take precedence, but an exception has been made by the International Botanical Congress and Melanoleuca has been declared a nomen conservandum, or a name which is to be considered valid regardless of the rules of precedence.

The American mycologist William Murrill devised the name Melanoleuca melaleuca in a 1911 article in the journal Mycologia. If that is a valid name, again following modern rules, it should take precedence over Melanoleuca vulgaris as it refers to the original species name melaleucus. In any case, Species Fungorum gives M. vulgaris as a synonym of M. polioleuca, rather than of M. melaleuca, and Bon implies that M. vulgaris is equivalent to only part of M. melaleuca.

In certain treatments of the genus, including Funga Nordica and Flora Agaricina Neerlandica, M. melaleuca is defined as having no cheilocystidia, but molecular analysis by Vizzini et al. makes it clear that these cystidia may sometimes appear and sometimes be missing in the same species of Melanoleuca, implying that this feature should not be used to characterize the mushroom. Other treatments specify M. melaleuca as having fusiform cheilocystidia, but recognize a separate taxa (considered as a synonym), M. graminicola, as having no cheilocystidia. Index Fungorum treats the latter as a separate species.

In Species Fungorum (the part of Index Fungorum which evaluates current names), apart from the valid entry of M. melaleuca, there is an invalid one designated "Melanoleuca melaleuca sensu NCL" which is said to be equivalent to the current M. polioleuca. According to Courtecuisse, M. polioleuca is distinguished by having a dense white "pruina" (a powdery covering) on the stem and by the flesh inside the stem being dark cinnamon rather than pale.

According to its definition (which is admitted to be in need of revision), Funga Nordica also lists Melanoleuca brachyspora, M. brevispora, M. robertiana and M. stridula as synonyms.

The older treatments use various characteristics to delimit the species, for instance Moser distinguishes M. melaleuca as not having a pruinose cap, with a long stem in relation to the cap diameter, having a dark brownish cap colour, with stem not coarsely striate, and having white stem flesh.

Etymology

Both the genus and species name of Melanoleuca melaleuca come from the same Ancient Greek words for black (μέλας / melas) and white (λευκόν / leukon).

Description

The cap is 2–8 cm wide, low convex, often with a low umbo, smooth, dark brown fading to greyish brown. The gills are whitish, crowded, and usually emarginately attached to the stipe but can be adnate to decurrent. The odor and taste are mild.

The stipe is 2–8 cm long and up to 1 cm thick, similarly coloured to the cap but lighter, with brown fibrils. The spores are 6.5–8.5 x 5–6 μm, elliptical with amyloid warts (staining blue in Melzer's reagent). The spore print is white. The cheilocystidia may be fusiform or missing.

Similar species

Due partly to the confused taxonomic definitions, this mushroom is very difficult to identify with certainty. Various authorities imply that around M. melaleuca there is a complex of closely related species without clear dividing lines, and that the current analysis (which varies from one author to another) requires more clarification. Much of the taxonomic work on Melanoleuca has been done in Europe and the status of North American specimens is less certain. However a 2012 paper by Vizzini et al. proposes updated definitions based on DNA analysis and suggests that some progress on these issues is being made.

A similar-looking species is M. angelesiana, which does not have cystidia on its gills like M. melaleuca.

Distribution and habitat

It is a widely distributed species, known from Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and Oceania. It can be found in grassy places in woods, roadsides, and heathland.

Like all Melanoleuca it is saprophytic, feeding on organic litter and not being associated with particular types of tree.

Edibility

This species is reported to be edible in both Europe and North America, The confusion described in the previous section does not imply any particular culinary danger because (as far as is known) the closely related species are also edible.

References

"sensu NCL" means "in the sense of " This is also largely available on the internet as transactions of the British Mycological Society (for instance http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0043/index.htm#2).

References

1. (2012). "Field Guide to Mushrooms of Western North America". [[University of California Press]].
2. Arora, David. (1986). "Mushrooms Demystified: A Comprehensive Guide to the Fleshy Fungi". [[Ten Speed Press]].
3. (2006). "North American Mushrooms: A Field Guide to Edible and Inedible Fungi". [[FalconGuide]].
4. Marcel Bon. (1987). "The Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain and North-Western Europe". Hodder & Stoughton.
5. (1994). "Guide des champignons de France et d'Europe". Delachaux et Niestlé.
6. C. Bas, Th.W. Kuyper, M.E. Noordeloos et E.C. Vellinga. (1999). "Volume 4 of Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical Monographs on Families of Agarics and Boleti Occurring in the Netherlands". CRC Press.
7. (2008). "Funga Nordica". Nordsvamp.
8. [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=462669 This Index Fungorum link] shows ''M. polioleuca'' as the current name of ''M. vulgaris''.
9. [http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=462657 This Index Fungorum link] is for the invalid "''sensu'' NCL" interpretation.
10. ''M. graminicola'' is in Species Fungorum [http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=252430 here] as a separate species. (Two different invalid meanings of ''M. graminicola'' are listed.)
11. [[Robert Kühner]] & [[Henri Romagnesi]]. (1974). "Flore analytique des champignons supérieurs (agarics, bolets, chanterelles)". Masson.
12. See the Mushroom Expert entries on [http://www.mushroomexpert.com/melanoleuca.html#melaleuca the genus, including ''M. melaleuca''] and ''[http://www.mushroomexpert.com/melanoleuca_graminicola.html M. graminicola]''.
13. "λευκόν". Tufts University, Oxford).
14. "μέλας". Tufts University, Oxford).
15. [[Meinhard Moser]], translated by Simon Plant. (1983). "Keys to Agarics and Boleti". Roger Phillips.
16. Murrill WA.. (1911). "Illustrations of fungi – IX". [[Mycologia]].
17. Patouillard N.. (1887). "Les Hyménomycètes d'Europe. Anatomie et Classification des Champignons Supérieurs". Paul Klincksieck.
18. Persoon CH.. (1801). "Synopsis Methodica Fungorum". Apud H. Dieterich.
19. "''Melanoleuca melaleuca'' (Pers.) Murrill 1911". International Mycological Association.
20. (2012). "A preliminary ITS phylogeny of Melanoleuca (Agaricales), with special reference to European taxa". Mycotaxon.
21. (1993). "The Macrofungus Flora of China's Guangdong Province (Chinese University Press)". Columbia University Press.