Melanargia galathea

Subspecies

Subspecies include:

• Melanargia galathea galathea Europe, southern Urals
• Melanargia galathea donsa Fruhstorfer, 1916 Caucasus
• Melanargia galathea lucasi (Rambur, 1858) North Africa
• Melanargia galathea magdalenae Reichl, 1975
• Melanargia galathea procida (Herbst, 1796)
• Melanargia galathea satnia Fruhstorfer, 1917 (= njurdzhan Sheljuzhko) Caucasus Major and Minor
• Melanargia galathea tenebrosa Fruhstorfer, 1917

(MHNT) Melanargia galathea magdalenae - Montereale Valcellina Italie - female dorsal.jpg| Melanargia galathea magdalenae ♀ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea magdalenae - Montereale Valcellina Italie - female ventral.jpg| Melanargia galathea magdalenae ♀ △ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea procida - Lago Di Cavazzo Frioul Italia - male dorsal.jpg|Melanargia galathea procida ♂ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea procida - Lago Di Cavazzo Frioul Italia - male ventral.jpg|Melanargia galathea procida ♂ △

Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) male form procida Slivnica.jpg|male form procida Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) female form procida Istria.jpg|female form procida Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) male form procida underside Predjama.jpg|male form procida underside Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) form procida female underside Istria.jpg|female form procida underside

Distribution

This species can be found across most of Europe, southern Russia, Asia Minor and Iran. There is an isolated population in Japan. It is not found in Ireland, North Britain, Scandinavia (except Denmark) and Portugal or Spain. The late twentieth century saw an expansion of its range in the UK.

Habitat

It is found in forest clearings and edges, meadows and steppe where it occurs up to 1,500-1,700 m above sea level. They are a common sight in unimproved grasslands across southern Britain, particularly on the South Downs, but also extending slightly further north to places such as the Dunstable Downs, Devil's Dyke near Newmarket, Fleam Dyke, Les King Wood near the South Cambs village of Cottenham, The "Edwards" wood, Dry Drayton.

Description

Melanargia galathea has a wingspan of 46 -. In these medium-sized butterflies the upper side of the wings is decorated with white and gray-black or dark brown markings, but it is always gray-black or dark brown checkered in the basal and distal areas. The underside is similar to the upper side but the drawings is light gray or light brown. On the underside of the hindwings is present a row of gray eye spots. The males and the females are quite similar, except that some females may have a yellowish nuance on the underside of the wings. Seitz - M. galathea. In the otherwise black cell of both wing an oval white spot which is not divided by a transverse bar. On the hindwing above the ocelli are quite invisible or shine through very faintly from the underside. (MHNT) Melanargia galathea - Foret de Bouconne, France - male dorsal.jpg|♂ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea - Foret de Bouconne, France - male ventral.jpg|♂ △ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea - Tarabel, France - female dorsal.jpg|♀ (MHNT) Melanargia galathea - Tarabel, France - female ventral.jpg|♀ △

This species is rather similar to the Iberian marbled white (Melanargia lachesis) that replaces M. galathea in Spain and southern France.

The caterpillars are about 28 millimeters long. They are green or yellow with some lighter and darker narrow longitudinal lines. The head is always light brown.

Satyrinae - Melanargia galathea.091.JPG| Satyrinae - Melanargia galathea mating.JPG|Mating Melanargia galathea LC0360.jpg|Male underside Melanargia galathea bottom MichaD.jpg|Female underside Marbled white (Melanargia galathea) ab. leucomelas Istria.jpg|Form procida aberration leucomelas

Life cycle

Like other members of its subfamily, the larvae feed on various grasses. These include Phleum (P. pratense), Poa (P. annua, P. trivalis), Festuca rubra, Bromus erectus, Dactylis, Brachypodium pinnatum, Agrostis capillaris, Elymus (syn. Elytrigia), Holcus, Dactylis, Triticum and Agropyron species .

Eggs are laid on the wing, or from brief perches on grass stems, and are just sprinkled among the grass stems. Upon hatching, the larvae immediately enter hibernation and only feed the following spring when the fresh growth occurs. They are a lime-green colour, with a dark green line running down the middle of their back. Pupation takes place at ground level in a loose cocoon. Adults can be found from early June to early September. On a good site, in warm, sunny weather, thousands can be seen gently fluttering amongst the grass heads.

Alternative common names

The marbled white was called "Our Half-mourner" by James Petiver (1717), "The Marmoris" by Benjamin Wilkes and "The Marmoress" by Moses Harris.

References

References

1. [http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2011/search/all/key/melanargia+galathea/match/1 Catalogue of life]
2. [http://ftp.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/lepidoptera/ditrysia/papilionoidea/nymphalidae/satyrinae/melanargia/ "''Melanargia'' Meigen, 1828"] at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms''
3. [https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/d0ef3225-8f9a-491b-8507-99bf453991c5 Fauna europaea]
4. [http://www.satyrinae.yolasite.com/melanargia-galathea.php Satyrinae of the Western Palearctic - ''Melanargia galathea'']
5. "European Butterfly Guide".
6. [[Adalbert Seitz. Seitz. A.]] in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt. 1, ''Die Großschmetterlinge des palaearktischen Faunengebietes, Die palaearktischen Tagfalter'', 1909, 379 Seiten, mit 89 kolorierten Tafeln (3470 Figuren){{PD-notice