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Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols

Unicode block


Unicode block

FieldValue
rangestart1D400
rangeend1D7FF
script1Common
symbolsMathematical
3_1991
4_01
4_12
5_02
note

Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block comprising styled forms of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles. The letters in various fonts often have specific, fixed meanings in particular areas of mathematics. By providing uniformity over numerous mathematical articles and books, these conventions help to read mathematical formulas. These also may be used to differentiate between concepts that share a letter in a single problem.

Unicode includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400–U+1D7FF). The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters (fonts) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic letter "𝐴" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A". Unicode originally included a limited set of such letter forms in its Letterlike Symbols block before completing the set of Latin and Greek letter forms in this block beginning in version 3.1.

Unicode expressly recommends that these characters not be used in general text as a substitute for presentational markup; the letters are specifically designed to be semantically different from each other. Unicode does not include a set of normal serif letters in the set. Still they have found some usage on social media, for example by people who want a stylized user name, and in email spam, in an attempt to bypass filters.

All these letter shapes may be manipulated with MathML's attribute mathvariant.

The introduction date of some of the more commonly used symbols can be found in the Table of mathematical symbols by introduction date.

Tables of styled letters and digits

These tables show all styled forms of Latin and Greek letters, symbols, and digits in the Unicode Standard.

As mentioned above, while Unicode have mathematical alphanumeric characters specified to be sans-serif, it does not specify serif characters. It means that the normal (non-mathematical) characters shown below with a cyan background, along with the basic mathematical alphanumeric characters (those in the left-most columns), might be serif or sans-serif depending upon the installed fonts.

The styled characters are mostly located in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block, but the 24 characters in cells with a pink background are located in the letterlike symbols block, for example, ℛ () is at U+211B rather than the expected U+1D4AD which is reserved. In the code charts for the Unicode Standard, the reserved code points corresponding to the pink cell are annotated with the name and code point of the correct character. There are a few characters which have names that suggest that they should belong in the tables below, but in fact do not because their official character names are misnomers:

  • ; "despite its character name, this symbol is derived from a special italicized version of the small letter l". It has various other specialized uses, such as a liter symbol and as the azimuthal quantum number symbol.
  • is a symbol for Weierstrass's elliptic function. url=https://unicode.org/notes/tn27/ | title=Unicode Technical Note #27: Known Anomalies in Unicode Character Names | publisher=Unicode Consortium | date=2006-05-08 | accessdate=2011-06-11

Latin letters

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).

Latin capital letters

Basic formSans-serifScript (or calligraphy)FrakturMono-
spaceDouble-
struckNormalBoldItalicBold
italicNormalBoldItalicBold
italicNormalBoldNormalBoldNormalBoldU+00411D4001D4341D4681D5A01D5D41D6081D63C1D49C1D4D01D5041D56C1D6701D538000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F10111213141516171819
A𝐀𝐴𝑨𝖠𝗔𝘈𝘼𝒜𝓐𝔄𝕬𝙰𝔸
B𝐁𝐵𝑩𝖡𝗕𝘉𝘽𝓑𝔅𝕭𝙱𝔹
C𝐂𝐶𝑪𝖢𝗖𝘊𝘾𝒞𝓒𝕮𝙲
D𝐃𝐷𝑫𝖣𝗗𝘋𝘿𝒟𝓓𝔇𝕯𝙳𝔻
E𝐄𝐸𝑬𝖤𝗘𝘌𝙀𝓔𝔈𝕰𝙴𝔼
F𝐅𝐹𝑭𝖥𝗙𝘍𝙁𝓕𝔉𝕱𝙵𝔽
G𝐆𝐺𝑮𝖦𝗚𝘎𝙂𝒢𝓖𝔊𝕲𝙶𝔾
H𝐇𝐻𝑯𝖧𝗛𝘏𝙃𝓗𝕳𝙷
I𝐈𝐼𝑰𝖨𝗜𝘐𝙄𝓘𝕴𝙸𝕀
J𝐉𝐽𝑱𝖩𝗝𝘑𝙅𝒥𝓙𝔍𝕵𝙹𝕁
K𝐊𝐾𝑲𝖪𝗞𝘒𝙆𝒦𝓚𝔎𝕶𝙺𝕂
L𝐋𝐿𝑳𝖫𝗟𝘓𝙇𝓛𝔏𝕷𝙻𝕃
M𝐌𝑀𝑴𝖬𝗠𝘔𝙈𝓜𝔐𝕸𝙼𝕄
N𝐍𝑁𝑵𝖭𝗡𝘕𝙉𝒩𝓝𝔑𝕹𝙽
O𝐎𝑂𝑶𝖮𝗢𝘖𝙊𝒪𝓞𝔒𝕺𝙾𝕆
P𝐏𝑃𝑷𝖯𝗣𝘗𝙋𝒫𝓟𝔓𝕻𝙿
Q𝐐𝑄𝑸𝖰𝗤𝘘𝙌𝒬𝓠𝔔𝕼𝚀
R𝐑𝑅𝑹𝖱𝗥𝘙𝙍𝓡𝕽𝚁
S𝐒𝑆𝑺𝖲𝗦𝘚𝙎𝒮𝓢𝔖𝕾𝚂𝕊
T𝐓𝑇𝑻𝖳𝗧𝘛𝙏𝒯𝓣𝔗𝕿𝚃𝕋
U𝐔𝑈𝑼𝖴𝗨𝘜𝙐𝒰𝓤𝔘𝖀𝚄𝕌
V𝐕𝑉𝑽𝖵𝗩𝘝𝙑𝒱𝓥𝔙𝖁𝚅𝕍
W𝐖𝑊𝑾𝖶𝗪𝘞𝙒𝒲𝓦𝔚𝖂𝚆𝕎
X𝐗𝑋𝑿𝖷𝗫𝘟𝙓𝒳𝓧𝔛𝖃𝚇𝕏
Y𝐘𝑌𝒀𝖸𝗬𝘠𝙔𝒴𝓨𝔜𝖄𝚈𝕐
Z𝐙𝑍𝒁𝖹𝗭𝘡𝙕𝒵𝓩𝖅𝚉

Latin small letters

Basic formSans-serifScript (or calligraphy)FrakturMono-
spaceDouble-
struckNormalBoldItalicBold
italicNormalBoldItalicBold
italicNormalBoldNormalBoldNormalBoldU+00611D41A1D44E1D4821D5BA1D5EE1D6221D6561D4B61D4EA1D51E1D5861D68A1D552000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F10111213141516171819
a𝐚𝑎𝒂𝖺𝗮𝘢𝙖𝒶𝓪𝔞𝖆𝚊𝕒
b𝐛𝑏𝒃𝖻𝗯𝘣𝙗𝒷𝓫𝔟𝖇𝚋𝕓
c𝐜𝑐𝒄𝖼𝗰𝘤𝙘𝒸𝓬𝔠𝖈𝚌𝕔
d𝐝𝑑𝒅𝖽𝗱𝘥𝙙𝒹𝓭𝔡𝖉𝚍𝕕
e𝐞𝑒𝒆𝖾𝗲𝘦𝙚𝓮𝔢𝖊𝚎𝕖
f𝐟𝑓𝒇𝖿𝗳𝘧𝙛𝒻𝓯𝔣𝖋𝚏𝕗
g𝐠𝑔𝒈𝗀𝗴𝘨𝙜𝓰𝔤𝖌𝚐𝕘
h𝐡𝒉𝗁𝗵𝘩𝙝𝒽𝓱𝔥𝖍𝚑𝕙
i𝐢𝑖𝒊𝗂𝗶𝘪𝙞𝒾𝓲𝔦𝖎𝚒𝕚
j𝐣𝑗𝒋𝗃𝗷𝘫𝙟𝒿𝓳𝔧𝖏𝚓𝕛
k𝐤𝑘𝒌𝗄𝗸𝘬𝙠𝓀𝓴𝔨𝖐𝚔𝕜
l𝐥𝑙𝒍𝗅𝗹𝘭𝙡𝓁𝓵𝔩𝖑𝚕𝕝
m𝐦𝑚𝒎𝗆𝗺𝘮𝙢𝓂𝓶𝔪𝖒𝚖𝕞
n𝐧𝑛𝒏𝗇𝗻𝘯𝙣𝓃𝓷𝔫𝖓𝚗𝕟
o𝐨𝑜𝒐𝗈𝗼𝘰𝙤𝓸𝔬𝖔𝚘𝕠
p𝐩𝑝𝒑𝗉𝗽𝘱𝙥𝓅𝓹𝔭𝖕𝚙𝕡
q𝐪𝑞𝒒𝗊𝗾𝘲𝙦𝓆𝓺𝔮𝖖𝚚𝕢
r𝐫𝑟𝒓𝗋𝗿𝘳𝙧𝓇𝓻𝔯𝖗𝚛𝕣
s𝐬𝑠𝒔𝗌𝘀𝘴𝙨𝓈𝓼𝔰𝖘𝚜𝕤
t𝐭𝑡𝒕𝗍𝘁𝘵𝙩𝓉𝓽𝔱𝖙𝚝𝕥
u𝐮𝑢𝒖𝗎𝘂𝘶𝙪𝓊𝓾𝔲𝖚𝚞𝕦
v𝐯𝑣𝒗𝗏𝘃𝘷𝙫𝓋𝓿𝔳𝖛𝚟𝕧
w𝐰𝑤𝒘𝗐𝘄𝘸𝙬𝓌𝔀𝔴𝖜𝚠𝕨
x𝐱𝑥𝒙𝗑𝘅𝘹𝙭𝓍𝔁𝔵𝖝𝚡𝕩
y𝐲𝑦𝒚𝗒𝘆𝘺𝙮𝓎𝔂𝔶𝖞𝚢𝕪
z𝐳𝑧𝒛𝗓𝘇𝘻𝙯𝓏𝔃𝔷𝖟𝚣𝕫
ı𝚤}}
ȷ𝚥}}

Greek letters and symbols

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below, except those shown with or index values of '–', are obtained by adding the base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column (both values are hexadecimal).

Greek capital letters

Basic formSans-serifNormalBoldItalicBold
italicBoldBold
italicU+03911D6A81D6E21D71C1D7561D790000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F10111213141516171819
Α𝚨𝛢𝜜𝝖𝞐
Β𝚩𝛣𝜝𝝗𝞑
Γ𝚪𝛤𝜞𝝘𝞒
Δ𝚫𝛥𝜟𝝙𝞓
Ε𝚬𝛦𝜠𝝚𝞔
Ζ𝚭𝛧𝜡𝝛𝞕
Η𝚮𝛨𝜢𝝜𝞖
Θ𝚯𝛩𝜣𝝝𝞗
Ι𝚰𝛪𝜤𝝞𝞘
Κ𝚱𝛫𝜥𝝟𝞙
Λ𝚲𝛬𝜦𝝠𝞚
Μ𝚳𝛭𝜧𝝡𝞛
Ν𝚴𝛮𝜨𝝢𝞜
Ξ𝚵𝛯𝜩𝝣𝞝
Ο𝚶𝛰𝜪𝝤𝞞
Π𝚷𝛱𝜫𝝥𝞟
Ρ𝚸𝛲𝜬𝝦𝞠
ϴ𝚹𝛳𝜭𝝧𝞡
Σ𝚺𝛴𝜮𝝨𝞢
Τ𝚻𝛵𝜯𝝩𝞣
Υ𝚼𝛶𝜰𝝪𝞤
Φ𝚽𝛷𝜱𝝫𝞥
Χ𝚾𝛸𝜲𝝬𝞦
Ψ𝚿𝛹𝜳𝝭𝞧
Ω𝛀𝛺𝜴𝝮𝞨
𝛁𝛻𝜵𝝯𝞩
Ϝ𝟊}}

Greek small letters

Basic formSans-serifNormalBoldItalicBold
italicBoldBold
italicU+03B11D6C21D6FC1D7361D7701D7AA000102030405060708090A0B0C0D0E0F101112131415161718191A1B1C1D1E1F
α𝛂𝛼𝜶𝝰𝞪
β𝛃𝛽𝜷𝝱𝞫
γ𝛄𝛾𝜸𝝲𝞬
δ𝛅𝛿𝜹𝝳𝞭
ε𝛆𝜀𝜺𝝴𝞮
ζ𝛇𝜁𝜻𝝵𝞯
η𝛈𝜂𝜼𝝶𝞰
θ𝛉𝜃𝜽𝝷𝞱
ι𝛊𝜄𝜾𝝸𝞲
κ𝛋𝜅𝜿𝝹𝞳
λ𝛌𝜆𝝀𝝺𝞴
μ𝛍𝜇𝝁𝝻𝞵
ν𝛎𝜈𝝂𝝼𝞶
ξ𝛏𝜉𝝃𝝽𝞷
ο𝛐𝜊𝝄𝝾𝞸
π𝛑𝜋𝝅𝝿𝞹
ρ𝛒𝜌𝝆𝞀𝞺
ς𝛓𝜍𝝇𝞁𝞻
σ𝛔𝜎𝝈𝞂𝞼
τ𝛕𝜏𝝉𝞃𝞽
υ𝛖𝜐𝝊𝞄𝞾
φ𝛗𝜑𝝋𝞅𝞿
χ𝛘𝜒𝝌𝞆𝟀
ψ𝛙𝜓𝝍𝞇𝟁
ω𝛚𝜔𝝎𝞈𝟂
𝛛𝜕𝝏𝞉𝟃
ϵ𝛜𝜖𝝐𝞊𝟄
ϑ𝛝𝜗𝝑𝞋𝟅
ϰ𝛞𝜘𝝒𝞌𝟆
ϕ𝛟𝜙𝝓𝞍𝟇
ϱ𝛠𝜚𝝔𝞎𝟈
ϖ𝛡𝜛𝝕𝞏𝟉
ϝ𝟋}}

Digits

The Unicode values of the characters in the tables below are obtained by adding the hexadecimal base values from the "U+" header row to the index values in the left column.

NormalBoldDouble-
struckSans-
serifSans-
serif
boldMono-
spaceU+00301D7CE1D7D81D7E21D7EC1D7F60123456789
0𝟎𝟘𝟢𝟬𝟶
1𝟏𝟙𝟣𝟭𝟷
2𝟐𝟚𝟤𝟮𝟸
3𝟑𝟛𝟥𝟯𝟹
4𝟒𝟜𝟦𝟰𝟺
5𝟓𝟝𝟧𝟱𝟻
6𝟔𝟞𝟨𝟲𝟼
7𝟕𝟟𝟩𝟳𝟽
8𝟖𝟠𝟪𝟴𝟾
9𝟗𝟡𝟫𝟵𝟿

Glyph variants

Variation selectors may be used to specify chancery (U+FE00) vs roundhand (U+FE01) forms, if a computer font is available that supports them:

Code pointPlainFE00FE01
U+1D49C𝒜𝒜︀𝒜︁
U+212Cℬ︀ℬ︁
U+1D49E𝒞𝒞︀𝒞︁
U+1D49F𝒟𝒟︀𝒟︁
U+2130ℰ︀ℰ︁
U+2131ℱ︀ℱ︁
U+1D4A2𝒢𝒢︀𝒢︁
U+210Bℋ︀ℋ︁
U+2110ℐ︀ℐ︁
U+1D4A5𝒥𝒥︀𝒥︁
U+1D4A6𝒦𝒦︀𝒦︁
U+2112ℒ︀ℒ︁
U+2133ℳ︀ℳ︁
U+1D4A9𝒩𝒩︀𝒩︁
U+1D4AA𝒪𝒪︀𝒪︁
U+1D4AB𝒫𝒫︀𝒫︁
U+1D4AC𝒬𝒬︀𝒬︁
U+211Bℛ︀ℛ︁
U+1D4AE𝒮𝒮︀𝒮︁
U+1D4AF𝒯𝒯︀𝒯︁
U+1D4B0𝒰𝒰︀𝒰︁
U+1D4B1𝒱𝒱︀𝒱︁
U+1D4B2𝒲𝒲︀𝒲︁
U+1D4B3𝒳𝒳︀𝒳︁
U+1D4B4𝒴𝒴︀𝒴︁
U+1D4B5𝒵𝒵︀𝒵︁

Chart for the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block

History

The following Unicode-related documents record the purpose and process of defining specific characters in the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block:

VersionCountL2 IDWG2 IDDocument
3.1U+1D400..1D454, 1D456..1D49C, 1D49E..1D49F, 1D4A2, 1D4A5..1D4A6, 1D4A9..1D4AC, 1D4AE..1D4B9, 1D4BB, 1D4BD..1D4C0, 1D4C2..1D4C3, 1D4C5..1D505, 1D507..1D50A, 1D50D..1D514, 1D516..1D51C, 1D51E..1D539, 1D53B..1D53E, 1D540..1D544, 1D546, 1D54A..1D550, 1D552..1D6A3, 1D6A8..1D7C9, 1D7CE..1D7FF991
doc)
doc)
N2103
N2168
N2191
N2191R
txt)
N2272
N2253
4.0U+1D4C11N2449
doc)
4.1U+1D6A4..1D6A52N2590
5.0U+1D7CA..1D7CB2
{{reflistgroup=lower-alpharefs=

References

References

  1. "Unicode character database". The Unicode Standard.
  2. "Enumerated Versions of The Unicode Standard". The Unicode Standard.
  3. (March 2020). "The Unicode Standard, Version 13.0". Unicode, Inc.
  4. (2023-07-18). "Bold and Cursive Unicode Text Tool - 𝐁𝐨𝐥𝐝 and 𝕮𝖚𝖗𝖘𝖎𝖛𝖊".
  5. [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1D400.pdf Unicode code chart U1D400 (PDF)]
  6. ""Letterlike Symbols", ''The Unicode Standard, Version 16.0 - U2100''". Unicode Consortium.
  7. "Unicode Character Database: Standardized Variation Sequences". The Unicode Consortium.
  8. Proposed code points and characters names may differ from final code points and names
  9. Refer to the [[Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B#History. history section]] of the Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B block for additional math-related documents
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