Masked depression

Clinical manifestations

Somatic manifestations of MD are distinguished by an extreme diversity and include headaches, back pain, abdominal pain etc. Pathological behaviour masking depression may take the form of compulsive gambling, compulsive work, changes in arousal or orgasmic function, decreased libido or, on the contrary, impulsive sexual behaviour, alcoholism, or drug addiction.

Chronic pain is more often noted as a connection to MD by non-psychiatrists than psychiatrists, while lack of concentration is often noted by psychiatrists.

Dispute about the concept

MD has been variously described as "depression equivalent, a vegetative equivalent, a depression without a depression, and a hidden depression." Most investigators, especially those in the German-speaking countries, assumed masked depression () to be a form of endogenous depression. The term was largely used in the 1970s and 1980s, but at the end of the 20th century there was a decline in interest in the study of masked depression. Today this diagnosis is rarely, if ever, used.

Epidemiology

MD was thought to be a common clinical phenomenon.{{cite journal | author-link = George Alexopoulos | editor1-last = Tasman | editor1-first = Allan | editor2-last = Goldfinger | editor2-first = Stephen M. | editor3-last = Kaufmann | editor3-first = Charles A. | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IZSP3lHRwTkC&pg=PA249

Making the diagnosis and the management of MD in clinical practice are complicated by the fact that he who has got MD is unaware of his mental illness. Patients with MD are reluctant to associate their physical symptoms with an affective disorder{{cite journal

Official diagnostic status

Current classifications: ICD-10 and DSM-5 do not contain the term "masked depression". This means that those who struggle with masked depression often have more physical symptoms such as back pain, abdominal pain, headaches, and even pain during sexual activity or painful periods. For those with more clinical depression, while they still may have physical symptoms, their symptoms are usually more mental or emotional. This includes feelings of helplessness, extreme and/or persisting sadness, numbness, tiredness, drowsiness, exhaustion, and even suicidal thoughts or feelings.

Diagnostic criteria

Affective disorders in patients with MD can only be detected by means of a clinician-administered diagnostic interview. Organic exclusion rules Some physical symptoms of masked depression include general aches, pains including headache, backache, musculoskeletal aches, and other non-painful symptoms such as changes in appetite and libido, lack of energy, sleep disturbance, dizziness, palpitations, dyspnea, and gastrointestinal tract disturbances. Some of the main recorded symptoms of MD are insomnia, a general lack of interest in normal activities, headache, anorexia, and fatigue in that order.

References

References

1. (August 1995). "Gemaskerde depressie". [[South African Medical Journal]]. [[Health and Medical Publishing Group]]. [link](http://archive.samj.org.za/1995%20VOL%2085%20Jan-Dec/Articles/08%20August/1.8%20GEMASJERDE%20DEPRESSIE,%20G.C.Verster,%20C.A.Gagiano.pdf Revue : Anglais)
2. (2012). "Treating Child and Adolescent Depression". Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
3. Bschor, Tom. (May 2002). "Larvierte Depression: Aufstieg und Fall einer Diagnose". Psychiatrische Praxis.
4. {{in lang. ru Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko. Личко А. Е.]] Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 1995. — 608 с.; ил. — [Учеб. лит. для студентов мед. вузов] {{ISBN. 5-225-00856-9
5. (2018). "Understanding masked depression: A Clinical scenario". Indian J Psychiatry.
6. (Jan 1982). "Depression and somatization: a review. Part I.". [[Am. J. Med.]].
7. [http://www.proz.com/kudoz/german_to_english/medical_general/2802487-larvierte_depression.html Steffen Walter's entry] at [[ProZ.com]].
8. {{in lang. ru Вертоградова О.П. К проблеме депрессий в общесоматической практике // Сб. Депрессии в амбулаторной и общесоматической практике (вопросы диагностики и терапии). М., 1984, с. 12–17.
9. Frank, R.G.. (2018). "Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology". Springer.
10. (February 26, 2004). "Insufficient depression treatment in outpatient settings". Ger Med Sci..
11. (2020-08-04). "DSM-5 / PsychiatryOnline Renewal 2020-2021".
12. Some [[Ukraine. Ukrainian]] [[psychiatrist]]s{{weasel inline. (March 2024 claim that MD is to be qualified as "depression with somatic symptoms" in the ICD-10 (F 3x.01).{{in lang). ru ''Подкорытов В. С., Чайка Ю. Ю.'' [http://medic-books.net/psihiatriy/566-depressii-sovremennaya-terapiya-podkorytov-v-s.html Депрессии. Современная терапия] {{Webarchive. link. (2017-12-29 . — [[Kharkiv). Харьков]]: Торнадо, 2003. — С. 54. — {{ISBN. 966-635-495-0
13. {{rp. 408. {{in lang. ru Психиатрия: Учебник. / Коркина М. В., Лакосина Н. Д., [[Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko. Личко А. Е.]], Сергеев И. И. — 2-е изд., доп., перераб. — М.: МЕДпресс-информ, 2002. {{ISBN. 5-901712-12-9
14. {{in lang. ru Жариков Н. М., Тюльпин Ю. Г. Психиатрия: Учебник. — М.: Медицина, 2000. — С. 193. {{ISBN. 5-225-04189-2
15. and other criteria are used in making the diagnosis of MD.{{in lang. Т.Б. Дмитриевой]], В.Н. Краснова, Н.Г. Незнанова, В.Я. Семке, А.С. Тиганова. — М.: ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2011. — 1000 с. — (Национальные руководства). — 3000 экз. — {{ISBN. 978-5-9704-2030-0
16. (2005). "The Importance of Somatic Symptoms in Depression in Primary Care". Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry.