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Malling series

Apple cultivar

Malling series
Summary

Apple cultivar

The Malling series is a group of rootstocks for grafting apple trees. It was developed at the East Malling Research Station of the South-Eastern Agricultural College at Wye in Kent, England. From about 1912, Ronald Hatton and his colleagues rationalised, standardised and catalogued the various rootstocks in use in Europe at the time under names such as Doucin and Paradise. Their first list had nine rootstock varieties, assigned the "type" numbers I–IX. The list later grew to twenty-four, and the Roman numerals gave way to Arabic numerals with the prefix "Malling" or "M.". From about 1917, collaboration between East Malling and the John Innes Institute, in Merton Park in Surrey, gave rise to the Malling-Merton series, which were resistant to Eriosoma lanigerum, the woolly apple aphid.

Common Malling rootstocks in the 1940s:

  • US M2, M7, M8, M9 and M13
  • UK M1, M2, M9, M12, M13 and M16.
  • Germany M1, M2, M4, M5, M9, M11 and M16. Relative size are dependent on climate, variety and soil.
Designation (Old designation)SynonymsOriginTree size a)Tree size b)Winter hardiness c)
M 1 (EM I)Broad-leaved English paradiseEngland ca 1860vsd-ss4
M 2 (EM II)DoucinFrancevsd-ss4
M 3 (EM III)Dutch doucin, Hollyleaf paradise, Königs splittapfel?sdsd6
M 4 (EM IV)Holstein doucin, Yellow doucinUnknownsvsd-ss5
M 5 (EM V)Doucin amelioré, Improved doucin, Red paradise?vsd-ss4
M 6 (EM VI)Nonsuch paradise, Rivers's paradiseEngland ca 1860sd2
M 7 (EM VII)-France, 1600ssdsd-d5
M 8 (EM VIII)French paradisedd2
M 9 (EM IX)Jaune de metz, Yellow metzFrance 1879vdd3
M 10 (EM X)U 1?vvss-s2
M 11 (EM XI)Green doucinGermany, 1904vvss
M 12 (EM XII)-Englandvs4
M 13 (EM XIII)Black doucin, U 2Germany ca 1890vsd-ss4
M 14 (EM XIV)U 5Germanyvss
M 15 (EM XV)U 6Germanyvvss-s2
M 16 (EM XVI)Ketziner ideal, U 3Germany ca 1909vvss-s5
M 17identical to M 5Wageningen, Hollandsd
M 18-Wageningen, Hollandvss
M 19-Berlin, Germanyvss
M 20Spurious 9France ?vdsd-d
M 21Cut-leaved 9?vdsd-d
M 22-Chelmsford, Englandvss
M 23-Chelmsford, Englandvsd
M 24Paradis de menton, Noir de menton,?vss

a) East Malling vd= very dwarf, d= dwarf, sd= semidwarf, sv= semivigorous, v= vigorous, vv= very vigorous.

b) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 d= dwarf, sd=semidwarf, ss= semistandard, s= standard.

c) Tukey, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964 6= highest winter hardiness, 2= lowest winter hardiness.

NameParentageCross madeSelectedIntroduced
M 25Northern Spy x M 21952
M 26M 16 x M 919291958 or 1959
M 27M 13 x M 9192919341975
Size of an apple tree depending on the rootstock used

References

References

  1. East Malling catalogues
  2. F. Brumm, Der Baumschulbetrieb, 1949
  3. '''Tukey''' Harold Bradford, Dwarfed fruit trees, 1964
  4. A. F. Posnette (2004). [http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33759 Hatton, Sir Ronald George (1886–1965)]. ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. {{doi. 10.1093/ref:odnb/33759. {{subscription required.
  5. Lorraine Berkett (2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060210084945/http://orchard.uvm.edu/uvmapple/ForBeginners_ApplesJanuary2006.PDF Apple Orchard Information for Beginners]. The University of Vermont. Archived 10 February 2006.
Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

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