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Magistrates' court (Hong Kong)

Lowest criminal court of Hong Kong

Lowest criminal court of Hong Kong

FieldValue
court_nameMagistrates' courts
imageKwun Tong Magistracy 1.jpg
imagesize250px
captionKwun Tong Magistrates' Court
established
locationHong Kong
type
authorityHong Kong Basic Law, Magistrates Ordinance (Cap. 227)
appealstoCourt of First Instance of the High Court; further appeal to the Court of Final Appeal in limited circumstances
terms
positions
website
chiefjudgetitleChief Magistrate
chiefjudgenameMr Victor SO Wai-tak
termstart
termend
termend2

The magistrates' courts (in case citations, HKMagC) are the lowest tier of criminal courts in Hong Kong. They have criminal jurisdiction over a wide range of offences, and in general these offences must only constitute two years' imprisonment or a fine of HK$100,000; in certain circumstances, sentences of three years may be imposed. Their jurisdiction and sentencing powers are set out in the Magistrates Ordinance (Cap. 227).

The hierarchy of the Hong Kong judiciary from high to low is: the Court of Final Appeal, the High Court (consisting of the upper Court of Appeal and the lower Court of First Instance), the District Court, and magistrates' courts.

All criminal proceedings must begin in the magistrates' courts; the Secretary for Justice may transfer cases to either the District Court or the Court of First Instance depending on the seriousness of the crime. Summary offences can only be tried in a magistrates' court, while indictable-only and either-way offences are commonly transferred to the District Court or Court of First Instance for trial. The magistrates' courts are the busiest in Hong Kong, with a caseload of 379,547 in 2024.

Cases are always heard before a single magistrate, who must have qualified as a barrister or solicitor either in Hong Kong or in another common law jurisdiction and have had substantial professional experience. Defendants may be represented by a solicitor or barrister, and may seek advice from duty lawyers stationed in the courts.

Parties and proceedings

Defence lawyers

Legal aid is not available for proceedings in the magistrates' courts; instead, the publicly-funded Duty Lawyer Service provides legal representation by qualified lawyers in private practice for eligible defendants.

Barristers and solicitors have equal rights of audience before the magistrates' courts. As such, solicitors can be commonly found performing advocacy duties where a barrister would otherwise be instructed.

Lawyers appearing in the magistrates' courts do not have to wear court dress, and typically appear in business attire.

Prosecutors

Cases in the magistrates' courts are prosecuted by government counsel, barristers or solicitors in private practice prosecuting on fiat, or lay "court prosecutors", who are not required to be legally qualified.

The magistrates' courts are the only courts in Hong Kong that involve the participation of lay prosecutors, known as court prosecutors, who prosecute the majority of cases in these courts. Court prosecutors were introduced in 1976 to take over the role of police inspectors in prosecuting cases before the magistrates. While court prosecutors are not required to have legal qualifications, a small number do, and all court prosecutors are required to undergo a 9-month training programme on advocacy skills, the rules of evidence, substantive law, and prosecutorial ethics. As of 2015, there were 80 court prosecutors, 31 of which had obtained a PCLL or LLB equivalent, and 6 of which were fully qualified solicitors or barristers.

Magistrates

Appointment and retirement

Magistrates are judicial officers appointed by the Chief Executive on the recommendation of the Judicial Officers Recommendation Commission. Since 2019, the retirement age for magistrates is 65.

Status, style and dress

Magistrates are not judges; only those sitting in the District Court or above are known as judges. Magistrates may be addressed as your Worship, and typically wear a closed black gown, a wing collar, and bands while sitting in court. Magistrates do not wear wigs in court.

Types of magistrates

Chief Magistrate

The Chief Magistrate is the court leader and is responsible for the overall administration of the magistrates' courts.

Principal magistrate

A principal magistrate is in charge of one of the seven magistrates' courts.

Permanent magistrate

A permanent magistrate is a full-time magistrate, and is assigned to sit in one of the seven magistrates' courts.

The Chief Justice appoints on a temporary basis a number of principal and permanent magistrates to sit as a Master in the High Court or to sit as a Deputy District Judge or Master in the District Court, Family Court or Lands Tribunal. The Chief Justice also appoints a number of permanent magistrates to sit as Presiding Officers in the Labour Tribunal and Adjudicators in the Small Claims Tribunal.

Special magistrate

A special magistrate is also a full-time magistrate, but is assigned to deal with various kinds of departmental summons including minor offences such as traffic contraventions. Their sentencing power is limited to a maximum fine of HK$50,000 or as specified in their warrants of appointment.

In sections 57 and 91 of the Magistrates Ordinance (Cap. 227), special magistrates are given the authority to impose a sentence of up to 6 months for one offence and up to 12 months for more than one. In practice however, there will always be a term in the special magistrates' warrants of appointment stipulating that they "shall not have power to impose any sentence of imprisonment". Therefore, special magistrates while in theory are permitted to impose sentences are in practice unable to.

Deputy magistrate / deputy special magistrate

A deputy magistrate or deputy special magistrate is assigned by the Chief Justice for such period and on such terms as the chief justice thinks fit. This makes additional manpower available to the magistrates' courts while also giving eligible persons experience on the bench, before the magistrate commits to a full-time posting or returns to private practice.

List of magistrates

Chief Magistrate

  • Mr SO Wai-tak, Victor

Principal magistrates

  • Miss YIM Shun-yee, Ada
  • Mr SO Man-lung, Don
  • Miss CHUI Yee-mei, Ivy

Permanent magistrates

The current permanent magistrates (as at 1 January 2023) are (ranked according to seniority):

  • Mr MAK Kwok-cheung, Brian
  • Mr CHEANG Kei-hong
  • Mr WONG Kwok-fai, Raymond
  • Ms CHAN Wai-mun, Amy
  • Miss CHOW Pok-fun, Josephine
  • Mr YIP Sue-pui, Lawrence
  • Mr WAN Siu-ming, Jason
  • Mr LI Chi-ho
  • Ms WONG Susan
  • Ms LAU Yee-wan, Winnie
  • Mr TANG Siu-hung, Daniel
  • Mr CHEUNG Chi-wai, David
  • Mr CHENG Lim-chi, Andy
  • Ms LAM Mei-sze, Michelle
  • Mr CHUM Yau-fong, David
  • Mr SHUM Kei-leong, Timon
  • Mr KO Wai-hung, David
  • Miss HO Wai-yang
  • Ms CHEUNG Tin-ngan, June
  • Miss NG Chung-yee, Debbie
  • Ms HEUNG Shuk-han, Veronica
  • Ms TO Kit-ling, Doris
  • Ms SHUI Kelly
  • Ms CHENG Kam-lin, Catherine
  • Mr CHAN Ping-chau, Kenneth
  • Mr LEE Siu-ho
  • Mr CHOW Chi-wei, Raymund
  • Ms CHU Yuen-yee, Isabella
  • Mr CHAN David
  • Ms WONG Nga-yan, Peony
  • Mr WONG Sze-cheung, Colin
  • Ms SO Ka-yin, Rita
  • Miss LEE Kar-lok, Jacqueline
  • Mr HO Chun-yiu, Stanley
  • Ms SOONG Wing-sum, Michelle
  • Ms LEUNG Ka-kie
  • Ms TSUI May-har, Stephanie
  • Ms LEUNG Siu-ling, Jocelyn
  • Mr IP Kai-leung, Jacky
  • Mr PANG Leung-ting
  • Ms CHUNG Ming-sun, May
  • Miss CHAN Lo-yee, Louise
  • Mr WONG Ching-yu, Edward
  • Mr LAM Tsz-kan, Gary
  • Mr LEUNG Man-liang, Matthew
  • Miss LAU Suk-han
  • Mr MOK Tze-chung, Andrew
  • Miss LEUNG Nga-yan, Frances
  • Mr LAM Hei-wei, Arthur
  • Ms CHOW Wai-choo, Monica
  • Ms CHAK Kwok-yee, Anny
  • Mr LAM Chak-ming, Maurice
  • Ms YEUNG Yee-na, Eleanor
  • Miss SIU Chi-wan, Jo
  • Mr LUNG Gwun-ting, Bryan
  • Miss WAT Lai-man, Minnie
  • Mr YU Chun-cheung, Peter
  • Mr SZE Cho-yiu, Jeffrey
  • Mr PUN Wang-hon, Dominic
  • Miss LO Hong-wai, Charmaine
  • Miss HO Wai-han, Vivian
  • Mr CHAN Chee-fai, Philip
  • Mr TSANG Chung-yiu
  • Miss LEE Wai-wan, Vivian
  • Mr TSANG Hing-tung
  • Mr CHU Man-hon, Gary
  • Mr LI Ngai, Ross

List of chief magistrates since 1997

No.NameTenure startTenure endTenure lengthReason for tenure endLater most senior judicial role
1Louis Tong Po-sun2 March 19982 October 2000Appointed Judge of the Court of First InstanceSame (retired)
2Patrick Li Hon-leung3 October 20001 February 2007Appointed District Court JudgeJudge of the Court of First Instance (retired)
3Tong Man2 July 200815 September 2013RetiredNone (retired)
4Clement Lee Hing-nin11 March 20142 January 2018Appointed District Court JudgeSame
5Victor So Wai-tak6 January 2020Incumbent{{age in years and days2020016duration=on}}

List of magistrates' courts

Existing magistrates' courts

CourtOpenedAddressJurisdiction
Eastern28 January 1991Eastern Law Courts Building, 29 Tai On Street, Sai Wan HoHong Kong Island, Islands District (except Lantau Island)
West Kowloon28 December 2016West Kowloon Law Courts Building, 501 Tung Chau Street, Cheung Sha WanSham Shui Po, Mong Kok, Kwai Tsing, Tsuen Wan, Lantau Island
Kowloon City3 July 2001Kowloon City Law Courts Building, 147M Argyle Street, Kowloon CityKowloon City, Yau Ma Tei, Tsim Sha Tsui, Wong Tai Sin
Kwun Tong1980Kwun Tong Law Courts Building, 10 Lei Yue Mun RoadKwun Tong, Wong Tai Sin, Sai Kung, Tseung Kwan O
Tuen Mun24 September 1987Tuen Mun Law Courts Building, 1 Tuen Hi Road, Tuen MunTuen Mun, Yuen Long
Fanling2 July 2002Fanling Law Courts Building, 1 Pik Fung Road, FanlingTai Po, North District
Sha Tin1987Shatin Law Courts Building, 1 Yi Ching Lane, Sha TinSha Tin, Ma On Shan

File:Eastern Law Courts Building.jpg|Eastern File:FanlingMagistratesCourtBuilding2.jpg|Fanling File:Kclawcourtsbldg(3).JPG|Kowloon City File:Kwun Tong Magistracy 1.jpg|Kwun Tong File:HK Shatin Magistrates Courts View1.jpg|Sha Tin File:HK Tuen Mun Law Courts Tuen Hing Road.JPG|Tuen Mun File:West Kowloon Law Courts Building July 2016.jpg|West Kowloon

Former magistrates' courts

CourtOpenedClosedAddressSubsequent use
Central Magistracy19791 Arbuthnot Road, CentralSupreme Court, Immigration Department, Central Police Station, now part of Tai Kwun complex
Causeway Bay Magistracy1960198620 Electric Road, Causeway BayDemolished — now part of Tin Hau MTR station and Park Towers
Western Magistracy20042A Pok Ful Lam Road, Sai Ying PunLabour Department, Drainage Services Department
South Kowloon Magistrates' Court19361 July 200036-38 Gascoigne Road, Yau Ma TeiLabour Tribunal, Lands Tribunal
North Kowloon Magistracy2005292 Tai Po Road, Shek Kip MeiSavannah College of Arts and Design (2010-2020)
San Po Kong Magistrates' Courts26 July 19712001690 Prince Edward Road East, San Po KongDemolished — now part of Mikiki and the Latitude
Fanling Magistracy19612002302 Jockey Club Road, FanlingHong Kong Federation of Youth Groups
Tsuen Wan Magistrates' Court1971201670 Tai Ho Road, Tsuen WanShatin-Central Link inquiry, temporary District Court courtrooms

File:HK WesternMagistracyBuilding.JPG|Western Magistracy File:HK NothKowloonMagistracy.jpg|North Kowloon Magistracy File:Former Central Magistracy, Hong Kong.JPG|Central Magistracy File:South Kowloon Magistracy01.jpg|South Kowloon District Court File:FormerFanlingMagistracy.jpg|Fanling Magistracy File:Tsuen Wan Magistracy.JPG|Tsuen Wan Magistrates' Court

Notes

References

References

  1. "1. If I am convicted and I want to lodge an appeal, what should I do? Can I appeal against the conviction or sentence or both?".
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  5. "Caseload, Case Disposal and Waiting Time at Different Court Levels - Hong Kong Judiciary Annual Report 2024".
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  7. "LCQ13: Court Prosecutors".
  8. Allcock, Bob. (2007). "Court Prosecutors and Government Lawyers".
  9. "LCQ13: Court prosecutors".
  10. (1 March 2019). "Judicial Officers (Extension of Retirement Age) (Amendment) Bill 2019 gazetted".
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  13. "Lands Tribunal Ordinance (Cap. 17), section 4(2)".
  14. {{Cite Hong Kong case. (2019)
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