Madhur Jaffrey

Early life

Jaffrey was born in Civil Lines, Delhi, into a Mathur Kayastha Hindu joint family. She is the fifth of six children of Lala Raj Bans Bahadur (1899–1974) and his wife, Kashmiran Rani (1903–1971).

When Jaffrey was about two years old, her father accepted a position in a family-run concern, Ganesh Flour Mills, and moved to Kanpur. There, Jaffrey attended St. Mary's Convent School. In kindergarten at the age of five, she played the role of the brown mouse in a musical version of the Pied Piper of Hamelin. The family lived in Kanpur for eight years, moving back to Delhi in 1944.

In Delhi, Jaffrey attended Queen Mary's Higher Secondary School where her history teacher, Mrs McKelvie, encouraged her to participate in school plays. Jaffrey played Titania in A Midsummer Night's Dream followed by the lead role in Robin Hood and His Merry Men. Her brothers, Brij Bans Bahadur and Krishen Bans Bahadur, much older than her, went to St. Stephen's College, Delhi. Every winter, St. Stephen's students put on a Shakespeare play that Jaffrey watched from the front row.

A supporter of Mahatma Gandhi's demand for Indian independence from British rule, Jaffrey spent some time each day spinning khadi, delivering large spools of thread to a collection center in Delhi.

In 1947, Jaffrey experienced the effects of the partition of India. At school, her classmates divided on the issue: the Muslim girls supported it while the Hindus opposed it. On 15 August she watched the transfer of power at India Gate and got a glimpse of Jawaharlal Nehru and Lord Mountbatten coming down Rajpath in an open horse carriage. The massive migration that began almost immediately afterwards caused riots and killing in Delhi. The male members of her family guarded their house with hunting guns. At school, all her Muslim classmates left without a farewell. In 1948, a few days before Mahatma Gandhi was shot dead, she attended one of his prayer meetings at Birla House and sang bhajans. She heard the news of his assassination on the radio, followed by Jawaharlal Nehru's address later that night, "the light has gone out of our lives, and there is darkness everywhere." She saw Gandhi's funeral procession and witnessed his cremation.

At home, Jaffrey's family primarily ate food prepared by servants but supervised by the women of the family. They occasionally indulged in Mughlai cuisine bought in the bylanes of Old Delhi, like bedmi aloo, seekh kebab, shami kebab, rumali roti and bakarkhani. Refugees from Punjab who settled in Delhi after partition brought their own style of cooking. Moti Mahal, a dhaba in Daryaganj, introduced tandoori chicken and went on to invent butter chicken and dal makhani. Jaffrey found Punjabi food's simplicity and freshness enticing and routinely picked up some tandoori chicken from Moti Mahal for family picnics.

At school, the subject of domestic science included learning dishes like blancmange, whose bland taste drove Jaffrey to dismiss the lessons as preparing "British invalid foods from circa 1930". However, for her practical examination, her class was asked to make a dish from an assortment of potatoes, tomatoes, onions, garlic, ginger and Indian spices in a pot over wood to be lit with matches. Jaffrey did her best but guessed that she failed the subject of domestic science altogether.

Jaffrey regularly answered requests from the nearby All India Radio station for parts in radio plays or children's programs. As she was paid a small fee for each session, she considered this her first professional work.

Meanwhile, her father had moved to Daurala as general manager of Daurala Sugar Works, a factory owned by family friends, the Shri Ram family. Jaffrey and most of the family remained behind in Delhi to avoid disrupting the children's education. Her elder sisters were at boarding school in Nainital. In the letters that they exchanged with their siblings and cousins at Delhi, they addressed each other only by their initials. This tradition cemented over time so that Jaffrey became M for her circle of close friends and family.

Delhi (1950–1955)

From 1950 to 1953, Jaffrey attended Miranda House, a women's college, where she gained a B.A. degree in English Honours with a minor in philosophy.

She took part in her college's all-women productions of Hamlet and The Importance of Being Earnest.

In 1951, Jaffrey joined the Unity Theatre, an English language repertory company founded by Saeed Jaffrey in New Delhi. She auditioned for the role of the Queen's Reader in Jean Cocteau's play The Eagle Has Two Heads just four days before the opening and was cast in the role.

After graduation from Miranda House in 1953, Jaffrey joined All India Radio, where Saeed Jaffrey was an announcer. She worked as a disc jockey at night. Saeed and Jaffrey fell in love, and dated at Gaylord, a restaurant in Connaught Place.

During this period, Jaffrey met Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, a British novelist who had moved to Civil Lines, Delhi, after marriage to Cyrus Jhabvala, an Indian architect, in 1951. Jaffrey answered a casting call by Prawer Jhabvala and worked with her on All India Radio plays. The protagonists of Prawer Jhabvala's first novel, To Whom She Will (1955), a young couple who work at a radio station in Delhi and fall in love, were based on Madhur and Saeed Jaffrey. The novel was published in America the following year as Amrita (1956).

In early 1955, Jaffrey was in the audience at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, for a programme of literary readings by Sybil Thorndike and Lewis Casson, married English actors who toured internationally in Shakespearean productions. Later that year, the Unity Theatre put on a performance of Tennessee Williams' one-act play, Auto-da-Fé, in which Jaffrey played the rigidly moralistic mother to Saeed's young postal worker, Eloi. The last play that Jaffrey did with Saeed was Othello, in which Saeed was cast as Iago while Jaffrey played Iago's wife Emilia.

Jaffrey decided to pursue acting as a profession. She won a grant from the British government that she could use to pay for education at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).

The head of the British Council in India was impressed by her performance in Auto-da-Fé and offered her a scholarship. Armed with these two sources of money, Jaffrey arrived at Southampton on 6 December 1955 on the P&O liner from Bombay.

London (1955–1957)

Jaffrey joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) with Diana Rigg, Siân Phillips and Glenda Jackson as her contemporaries. She won a scholarship from RADA after an audition. This supplemented her earlier grant and scholarship. She picked up some minor acting roles on BBC television and radio. Her father sent her a small amount of money periodically, and her total income proved sufficient to live modestly in London. She rented rooms from at least two different landlords before settling down in a bedsit in Brent with a young Jewish family, the Golds, who allowed her to use their kitchen and their utensils to cook her own food. Her landlady, Blanche Gold, was roughly her age. Blanche had one child and was pregnant.

Jaffrey found the food served at the RADA canteen along with the Indian restaurants in London unappetising. In an interview with NPR, she recalled the canteen serving "gray" roast beef and overcooked cabbage with watery potatoes: "I would look at it and say, 'How can I eat this?!'" She wrote to her mother, begging her for recipes of the home cooked meals of her childhood. Her mother responded with recipes written in Hindi on onionskin paper in letters sent via airmail. The very first letter was dated 19 March 1956 and included recipes for meat spiced with cinnamon, cardamom and bay, a cauliflower dish, and egg curry with hard-boiled eggs. The first recipe that she tried was jeera aloo (potatoes with cumin). She bought pumpernickel from a neighbourhood Jewish bakery as a substitute for chapatis.

In late 1955, Saeed Jaffrey won a Fulbright scholarship to study drama in America the following year. In spring 1956, he approached Jaffrey's parents in Delhi for her hand in marriage but they refused because they felt that his financial prospects as an actor did not appear sound. Jaffrey got her father's permission to marry Saeed eventually. In summer 1956, Saeed flew to London on his way to America and proposed to Jaffrey. She refused but gave him a tour of RADA where she pointed out English actors, such as Peter O'Toole, whom she thought would soon have a high profile in the profession. Soon afterwards, Saeed boarded the to sail across the Atlantic Ocean from Southampton to New York City.

In 1957 Jaffrey graduated from RADA with honours. Not knowing whether to stay on in London, join a repertory company or go back to India, she wrote to Saeed describing her dilemma. Saeed had just graduated from Catholic University of America's Department of Speech and Drama and had been selected to act in summer stock plays at St. Michael's Playhouse in Winooski, Vermont. Seeing Saeed troubled by Jaffrey's letter, Reverend Gilbert V. Hartke, the department head at Catholic University, arranged for Jaffrey to teach pantomime at St. Michael's Playhouse at Winooski that summer. Father Hartke arranged for her to go to Catholic University on a partial scholarship and work at the Drama School library in order to meet her living expenses. After gaining her American work visa, Jaffrey sailed across the Atlantic on the to join Saeed at Winooski.

New York City (1958–1969)

In September 1957 Jaffrey stayed in Washington, D.C., with Saeed, who had returned there to rehearse for the 1957–58 season with the National Players, a professional touring company that performed classical plays all over America. Midway through the tour, Saeed returned to Washington, D.C. from Miami to marry Jaffrey in a modest civil ceremony.

In September 1958, Ismail Merchant arrived from Bombay to attend the New York University Stern School of Business. Merchant had heard of Saeed from his theater days in Delhi. He himself wanted to produce plays and make movies. Saeed was then playing the lead at Lee Strasberg's Actors Studio in an Off-Broadway production of Blood Wedding, a tragedy by Spanish dramatist Federico García Lorca. Merchant approached Saeed with a proposal to put on a Broadway production of The Little Clay Cart, starring the Jaffreys. Saeed took him home for dinner, where he met Jaffrey, who was heavily pregnant with her first child.

The following year, James Ivory, then an emerging film maker from California, approached Saeed Jaffrey to provide the narration for his short film about Indian miniature painting, The Sword and the Flute (1959). Saeed brought Ivory home for dinner and introduced him to Jaffrey. When The Sword and the Flute screened in New York City in 1961, the Jaffreys encouraged Merchant to attend the screening, where he met Ivory for the first time. They subsequently met regularly at the Jaffreys' dinners and cemented their relationship into a lifetime partnership, both personal and professional. The Jaffreys planned to go back to India, start a travelling company and tour with it. They often discussed this idea with James Ivory and started writing a script in his brownstone on East 64th Street.

The Jaffreys soon expanded their social circle to include other members of the Indian community in New York City who were involved in the arts. They regularly hosted large dinners cooked by Jaffrey, who was determined to master everything, including biryani and pulao.

In 1962, Jaffrey and Saeed appeared in Rolf Forsberg's Off-Broadway production of A Tenth of an Inch Makes The Difference. Their performance was described by The New York Times drama critic, Milton Esterow, as "sensitive acting" that made up "the brightest part of the evening". The pay for such roles was generally $10/hour.

By 1965, the Jaffreys' marriage had collapsed. Jaffrey arranged for their children to live with her parents and sister in Delhi while Jaffrey went to Mexico for the formal divorce proceedings.

Jaffrey visited to India for the shooting of Shakespeare Wallah (1965). After the film's shooting was complete, she lived in India with her children until Ismail Merchant decided that she needed to be at the Berlin International Film Festival because he had entered the film in competition there. In Berlin, she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress award. Sanford Allen, a violinist she had met when she was a guide at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City, sent her a bunch of roses on her win.

In 1966 Ismail Merchant, in search of further publicity for the film, decided to cultivate The New York Times food critic Craig Claiborne. He persuaded Claiborne to profile Jaffrey as an actress who could cook. When Claiborne agreed, Jaffrey borrowed a friend's apartment in which to meet him since she felt she could not do so in the one-bedroom apartment on Eleventh Street that she shared with Allen. She rearranged the furniture in the borrowed apartment and made stuffed green peppers, koftas in sour cream and cucumber raita.

|File:Stuffed pepper.jpg|Stuffed green peppers |File:MalaiKofta.jpg|Koftas in sour cream |File:Raita with cucumber and mint.jpg|Cucumber raita with mint

In 1967, Jaffrey travelled to India to attend a black-tie premiere of Shakespeare Wallah in Delhi hosted by the British High Commissioner to India, John Freeman and his wife, Catherine. At the premiere she met Marlon Brando, an actor Jaffrey admired deeply for his method acting technique. Brando was in India to raise money for UNICEF and the film premiere served as a fund-raiser. Later that year, Jaffrey shot scenes for Merchant Ivory's next film, The Guru (1969). She returned from India with her children. The family, along with Sanford Allen, moved into a 14th-floor apartment in a Greenwich Village co-op. To better provide for her children, she became a freelance writer for food and travel magazines, covering subjects as diverse as paintings, music, dance, drama, sculpture, and architecture.

In 1969, Jaffrey married Sanford Allen, who at the time was a violinist with the New York Philharmonic Orchestra.

Merchant Ivory films

Jaffrey was instrumental in introducing the filmmakers James Ivory and Ismail Merchant to each other.

When Merchant and Ivory went to India to make The Householder (1963) they met Shashi Kapoor and his in-laws, the Kendals. Geoffrey Kendal and his wife, Laura Liddell, had a traveling theatre company, Shakespeareana, that performed plays by Shakespeare pan India. Combining the Jaffreys' original idea with the real-life Shakespeareana, Merchant and Ivory came up with their next film Shakespeare Wallah (1965). Ruth Prawer Jhabvala was persuaded to write a movie star role for Jaffrey. Saeed was dropped from the project because the Jaffreys' marriage had collapsed.

When Jaffrey travelled to India for the shooting of Shakespeare Wallah, her first shots were in Kasauli, a hill station. The hairpin bends on the drive there caused her nausea and vomiting, leading the crew to despair that a person so petite and sickly could ever play a glamorous film star. Kenneth Tynan, a film critic for The Observer, described her performance as "a ravishing study in felinity".

She went on to act in further Merchant Ivory films like The Guru (1969), Autobiography of a Princess (1976), Heat and Dust (1983), directed by Ivory, and The Perfect Murder (1988). She starred as the title character in their film Cotton Mary (1999) and co-directed it with Merchant.

Other films and television

Jaffrey has appeared in Six Degrees of Separation (1993), Vanya on 42nd Street (1994), Flawless (1999) and Prime (2005). She starred in and produced ABCD (1999). She played a role in the horror short film Grasp in 2002, written and directed by Brendan Donovan. In the 2009 Psych episode "Bollywood Homicide," Jaffrey played an Indian grandmother whose food is too spicy for the main characters to handle. In 1985, she was in the Hindi film Saagar where she played the role of Kamladevi, Rishi Kapoor's grandmother. In 1992–94, she appeared with Billie Whitelaw in the British television series Firm Friends. In 1999, she appeared with daughter Sakina Jaffrey in the film Chutney Popcorn. In Cosmopolitan (2003), a film broadcast on PBS, she played a traditional Hindu wife who suddenly leaves her husband. She starred alongside Deborah Kerr in the 1985 movie The Assam Garden. In 2009, she appeared with Aasif Mandvi in Today's Special, adapted from Mandvi's play about a celebrated sous chef who is forced to run his father's tandoori restaurant in Queens. In 2012, she played a doctor in A Late Quartet who diagnoses Christopher Walken's character with Parkinson's disease.

Theatre and other discography

In 1962, she appeared in A Tenth of an Inch Makes the Difference by Rolf Forsberg. In 1969, she appeared in The Guide, based on the novel by R. K. Narayan, and in 1970, she appeared in Conduct Unbecoming, written by Barry England.

In 1993, she appeared in Two Rooms by Lee Blessing. In 1999, she appeared in Last Dance at Dum Dum by Ayub Khan-Din. In 2004, Jaffrey appeared in Bombay Dreams on Broadway, where she played the main character's grandmother (Shanti).

In April 2019, Jaffrey starred in Nani, a rap music video by Zohran Mamdani, then a hip-hop MC under the stage name Mr. Cardamom (after the spice cardamom).

Cooking

Jaffrey, who lives in Manhattan and has a home in upstate New York, is the author of many cookbooks of Indian, Asian, and world vegetarian cuisines. Several of these have become best-sellers; some have won James Beard Foundation awards. She has presented a cooking series on television, including Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cookery in 1982, Madhur Jaffrey's Far Eastern Cookery in 1989 and Madhur Jaffrey's Flavours of India in 1995. As a result of the success of her cookbooks and TV, Jaffrey developed a line of mass-marketed cooking sauces for Tilda.

Ironically, she did not cook at all as a child growing up in Delhi. She had almost never been in the kitchen and almost failed cooking at school. It was only after she went to London at the age of 19 to study at RADA that she learned how to cook, using recipes of familiar dishes that were provided in correspondence from her mother.Jaffrey, Madhur, Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cooking, Barron's Educational Series, 1983. . Her editor Judith Jones claimed in her memoirs that Jaffrey was an ideal cookbook writer precisely because she had learned to cook childhood comfort food as an adult, and primarily from written instructions. In the 1960s, after her award-winning performance in Shakespeare Wallah, Jaffrey became known as the "actress who could cook".

After an article about her and her cooking appeared in The New York Times in 1966, she received a book contract from an independent editor to write a book on Indian cooking. Jaffrey started compiling all the recipes learnt by her through correspondence with her mother and adapted for the American kitchen. Due to a period of rapid consolidation in the American publishing industry, the book went to Harcourt Brace Jovanovich but got no attention there either. Jaffrey took the book to her friend, Ved Mehta, who in turn mentioned it to publisher André Schiffrin. Schiffrin passed on the book to Knopf editor Judith Jones, who had championed Julia Child's cookbook at a time when no other publisher would touch it. Judith Jones snapped up the book immediately, only asking Jaffrey to add serving suggestions and menus for people not familiar with Indian cooking. In 1973 An Invitation to Indian Cooking was published, Jaffrey's first cookbook. During the 1970s, she taught classes in Indian cooking, both at the James A. Beard School of Cooking and in her Manhattan apartment. She was hired by the BBC to present a show on Indian cooking. In 1986, the restaurant Dawat opened in Manhattan using recipes that she provided.

The social historian Panikos Panayi, writing about English cuisine, described her as the doyen of Indian cookery writers, but noted that their and her influence remained limited to Indian cuisine. Panayi commented that despite Jaffrey's description of "most Indian restaurants in Britain as 'second-class establishments that had managed to underplay their own regional uniqueness, most of her dishes too "do not appear on dining tables in India".

Awards

• Best Actress from the Berlin International Film Festival in 1965 for her performance in Shakespeare Wallah.
• Taraknath Das Foundation Award presented by the Taraknath Das Foundation of the Southern Asian Institute of Columbia University in 1993.
• Her cookbooks have received a total of 6 James Beard Foundation Awards, and one additional nomination. She also was named "Who's Who" in 1995 and received the "Lifetime Achievement Award" in 2023.
• Muse Award presented by New York Women in Film & Television in 2000.
• Honorary CBE awarded on 11 October 2004 "in recognition of her services to cultural relations between the United Kingdom, India and the United States, through her achievements in film, television and cookery".
• 33rd Filmfare Awards – Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Saagar (Nominated)
• In 2022, she was awarded the Padma Bhushan from the Government of India, which is the third Highest civilian award.

Family

Jaffrey has three daughters from her marriage to Saeed Jaffrey: Zia, Meera and Sakina. Saeed Jaffrey's autobiography Saeed: An Actor's Journey (1998) describes their relationship in the early years of his life.

Zia Jaffrey is a part-time assistant professor of Creative Writing at The New School in New York City. She has written for newspapers like The New York Times and The Washington Post. Her work has appeared, too, in magazines like The Nation,* Vogue*, and Elle. She is the author of The Invisibles: A Tale of Eunuchs of India (1996) that explores the hijra community, whom she first encountered at a family wedding in Delhi in 1984. In 2013, she published The New Apartheid, a book on South Africa's AIDS epidemic.

Meera Jaffrey graduated from Oberlin College, Ohio, with a major in Chinese studies. She teaches in the Music Department of the Learning Community Charter School in Jersey City, New Jersey. In 2005 she traveled to China to shoot a documentary film, Fine Rain: Politics and Folk Songs in China, that explores China through its folk songs. Meera is married to Craig Bombardiere and the two have a son, Rohan Jaffrey.

Sakina Jaffrey picked up her love of Chinese culture from her elder sister, Meera. She graduated from Vassar College, New York with a major in Chinese studies and lived in Taiwan in her twenties. She is an actress, best known for her role as Linda Vasquez in the American television series House of Cards. She lives in Nyack, New York, with her husband, Francis Wilkinson, a journalist, and their two children, Cassius and Jamila.

Madhur Jaffrey is the aunt of the British journalist Rohit Jaggi and his sister the literary critic Maya Jaggi, their mother being Jaffrey's eldest sister, Lalit.

Jaffrey is cousin to the late Raghu Raj Bahadur (1924–1997), considered to be one of the world's top theoretical statisticians, and his sister, the late Sheila Dhar (1929–2001) . In her memoirs Here's Someone I'd Like You to Meet (1995), Sheila Dhar recounts her difficult relationship with her father, referred to as Shibbudada in Jaffrey's own memoirs, Climbing the Mango Trees.

Bibliography

Cookbooks

• An Invitation to Indian Cooking (1973) (James Beard Foundation Awards Cookbook Hall of Fame winner) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's World of the East Vegetarian Cooking (1981) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Cooking (1973) –
• Eastern Vegetarian Cooking (1983) –
• A Taste of India (1988) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Cookbook: Easy East/West Menus for Family and Friends (1989) –
• Indian Cooking (1989) –
• A Taste of the Far East (1993) (James Beard Foundation Awards Cookbook of the Year winner) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Spice Kitchen (1993) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Recipes (1994) –
• Entertaining With Madhur Jaffrey (1994) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Flavors of India: Classics and New Discoveries (1995) –
• Cookbook Food for Family and Friends (1995) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Quick & Easy Indian Cooking (1996) –
• The Madhur Jaffrey Cookbook: Over 650 Indian, Vegetarian and Eastern Recipes (1996) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Illustrated Indian Cookery (1996) –
• Madhur Jaffrey Cooks Curries (1996) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Complete Vegetarian Cookbook (1998) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's World Vegetarian (1999) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) –
• The Essential Madhur Jaffrey (1999) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Step-by-Step Cooking (2001) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) –
• Foolproof Indian Cooking: Step by Step to Everyone's Favorite Indian Recipes (2002) –
• Madhur Jaffrey Indian Cooking (2003) –
• From Curries to Kebabs: Recipes from the Indian Spice Trail (2003) (James Beard Foundation Awards winner) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Ultimate Curry Bible (2003) –
• Simple Indian Cookery (2005) –
• At Home with Madhur Jaffrey: Simple Delectable Dishes from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka (2010) –
• Curry Easy (2010) –
• My Kitchen Table: 100 Essential Curries (2011) –
• Vegetarian India: A Journey Through the Best of Indian Home Cooking (2015) (James Beard Foundation Awards nominee) –
• Madhur Jaffrey's Instantly Indian Cookbook: Modern and Classic Recipes for the Instant Pot® (2019) – }}

Children's books

• Seasons of Splendour: Tales, Myths, and Legends of India (Pavilion, 1985) illustrated by Michael Foreman –
• Market Days: From Market to Market Around the World (1995) illustrated by Marti Shohet –
• Robi Dobi: The Marvelous Adventures of an Indian Elephant (1997) illustrated by Amanda Hall –

Memoirs

• Climbing the Mango Trees: A Memoir of a Childhood in India (2006) –

References

Primary

These are sources directly from Madhur Jaffrey herself.

Secondary

Sources

References

1. Kayal, Michele. (20 October 2015). "From actress to cookbook author: The lives of Madhur Jaffrey".
2. Foster, Nicola. (25 October 2013). "Encyclopedia of Television – Jaffrey, Madhur". [[Museum of Broadcast Communications]].
3. "Madhur Jaffrey". [[Ebury Publishing]].
4. Bettridge, Daniel. (26 September 2012). "Six to watch: TV chefs". The Guardian.
5. Fabricant, Florence. (10 May 2006). "New York Dominates at Beard Awards". [[The New York Times]].
6. (7 November 2012). "Live chat: Madhur Jaffrey". [[The Guardian]].
7. "Madhur Jaffrey: The Quintessential Renaissance Woman".
8. Miller, Bryan. (12 December 1986). "Restaurants". [[The New York Times]].
9. Miller, Bryan. (5 July 1991). "Restaurants". The New York Times.
10. Miller, Bryan. (14 June 1995). "Unsung Chefs in a City of Stars". [[The New York Times]].
11. Phelan, Laurence. (16 December 1999). "How We Met: Ismail Merchant & Madhur Jaffrey". The Independent.
12. Gussow, Mel. (2 January 2003). "Telling Secrets That Worked For a Gambling Life in Films". [[The New York Times]].
13. "Prizes & Honours 1965 – International Jury". Internationale Filmfestspiele Berlin.
14. Hoffman, Jan. (14 March 2000). "She Also Cooks Just a Trifle, This Actress". [[The New York Times]].
15. (20 March 2004). "Honorary CBE for Madhur Jaffrey". [[The Economic Times]].
16. (7 November 2004). "Sir David Manning presents the CBE to Indian born actress and cookery writer Madhur Jaffrey". The Tribune.
17. Service, Tribune News. "10 foreigners among Padma awardees".
18. (2022-01-26). "Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients".
19. (29 October 2006). "Spice of Life". [[The New York Times]].
20. Diski, Chloe. (9 September 2001). "Desert island dish". [[The Guardian]].
21. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 2006
22. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 2006
23. "Family Tree of Rai Bahadur Jeewan Lal ji – Family Chart 10".
24. (3 February 2014). "Encyclopedia of Television". Knopf.
25. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
26. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
27. Jaggi, Maya. (19 March 2005). "Brave new worlds". [[The Guardian]].
28. Weinraub, Bernard. (11 September 1983). "The Artistry of Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". [[The New York Times]].
29. Simkin, John. "Lewis Casson". [[Spartacus Educational]].
30. (7 February 1955). "Latest news of Sir Lewis Casson and Dame Sybil Thorndike". The Argus.
31. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
32. (22 December 2003). "Moving stories: Madhur Jaffrey". [[BBC News]].
33. "Passenger list, RMS 'Strathmore'". Ancestry.co.uk.
34. Jeffries, Stuart. (3 December 1999). "Spice odyssey". The Guardian.
35. Walne, Toby. (4 November 2012). "Madhur Jaffrey: 'I save cash by bulk buying rice'". The Guardian.
36. Clay, Xanthe. (16 October 2012). "Xanthe Clay meets Madhur Jaffrey".
37. Cooke, Rachel. (15 May 2011). "Lunch with Madhur Jaffrey". The Guardian.
38. Jaffrey, Madhur. (22 January 2005). "Very muddy to very modern". [[Financial Times]].
39. (27 December 2010). "The Long View: Madhur Jaffrey's Indian Kitchen". NPR.
40. Jaffrey, Madhur. (1973). "An Invitation to Indian Cooking". Knopf.
41. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
42. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
43. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
44. Berger, Joseph. (18 May 1986). "Encounters With Liberty: At First Sight". [[The New York Times]].
45. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
46. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
47. Ebert, Roger. (26 May 2005). "Ismail Merchant: In Memory". rogerebert.com.
48. Ivory, James. (2 November 2010). "James Ivory's passage to mini-India". [[The Guardian]].
49. Nguyen, Tommy. (15 January 2006). "'White' Ivory's Last Film With Merchant". [[San Francisco Chronicle]].
50. Merchant, Ismail. (9 April 2012). "Merchant-Ivory: Interviews". University Press of Mississippi.
51. Hass, Nancy. (11 September 2015). "James Ivory's Home Befits His Extraordinary Life". The New York Times.
52. Butler, Robert. (6 June 1994). "Saeed Jaffrey's passage from India". The Independent.
53. Chhabra, Aseem. (11 January 2000). "Madhur Jaffrey Cooks Up Several Ventures".
54. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
55. Esterow, Milton. (13 November 1962). "Theater: Zen Buddhism; Plays by Rolf Forsberg Open at the East End". [[The New York Times]].
56. {{harvnb. Jaffrey. 1998
57. Ross, Deborah. (25 January 1999). "Saeed Jaffrey interview: New kid on the Street". [[The Independent]].
58. Reynolds, Jonathan. (5 October 2003). "Dark Victory". The New York Times.
59. Claiborne, Craig. (7 July 1966). "Indian Actress Is a Star in the Kitchen, Too". The New York Times.
60. Purcell, Hugh. (7 July 2015). "A Very Private Celebrity: The Nine Lives of John Freeman". Biteback Publishing.
61. Ray, Bijoya. (1 August 2012). "Manik and I: My Life with Satyajit Ray". Penguin UK.
62. Philby, Charlotte. (14 June 2008). "My Secret Life: Madhur Jaffrey, food writer & actress, age 74". [[The Independent]].
63. Contemporary Authors Online, [http://galenet.galegroup.com/servlet/BioRC Gale, 2008]. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Michigan: Gale, 2008.
64. Merchant, Ismail. (9 April 2012). "Merchant-Ivory: Interviews". University Press of Mississippi.
65. Ebert, Roger. (31 March 2020). "Cotton Mary".
66. Cohen, Jason. (28 April 2010). "Aasif Mandvi and Madhur Jaffrey on Their Film Today's Special". eater.com.
67. (April 7, 2013). "A Late Quartet – review". [[The Guardian]].
68. Barnes, Clive: "Theater: Reluctant Guru", ''The New York Times'', 7 March 1968.
69. "New Castings Listed", ''[[The New York Times]]'', 21 September 1970, p. 54.
70. Gussow, Mel. (18 February 1993). "Divided by Space and Captivity, but United in Spirit". The New York Times.
71. Wolf, Matt, "Last Dance at Dum Dum", ''Variety'', 9 August 1999.
72. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080124225111/http://www.reallyuseful.com/rug/shows/bombaydreams/cast/broadwayorig2004.htm ''Bombay Dreams''] Broadway 2004 cast.
73. Rayner, Alex. (10 May 2019). "Mr Cardamom: the MC who got screen icon Madhur Jaffrey to swear in his video".
74. Mishan, Ligaya. (1 April 2019). "A New Role for Madhur Jaffrey: Rap Grandma".
75. [http://www.museum.tv/eotv/jaffreymadh.htm "Jaffrey, Madhur"] {{Webarchive. link. (26 July 2015 , Museum of Broadcast Communications (MBC).)
76. (19 May 2001). "Madhur serves up two more". The Grocer.
77. Sokolov, Raymond (19 April 1973), "Current Stars: Books on Indian, Italian and Inexpensive Food", ''[[The New York Times]]''.
78. Weinraub, Judith. (16 December 2010). "Madhur Jaffrey Interview – Part 2: An oral history project conducted by Judith Weinraub". Fales Library, NYU.
79. Worley, Sam. (13 April 2015). "Making the Cookbook: An Invitation to Indian Cooking". epicurious.com.
80. Johnson, Bonnie. (8 December 1986). "Indian cooking's New Delhi delight is actress Madhur Jaffrey". People Weekly.
81. Bhaskaran, Nandini. (18 November 2007). "An actress who can cook". [[The Times of India]].
82. Panayi, Panikos (2010 [2008]), ''Spicing Up Britain''. London: Reaktion Books, p. 204.
83. "Taraknath Das Foundation | South Asia Institute".
84. [https://www.jamesbeard.org/awards/search-past-awards?year=&keyword=madhur%20jaffrey Madhur Jaffrey James Beard Awards and Nominations]
85. Archie, Ayana. (6 June 2023). "These are the winners of this year's James Beard Awards, the biggest night in food". [[NPR]].
86. "Blog".
87. (2022-01-26). "Padma Awards 2022: Complete list of recipients". Mint.
88. Suri, Sanjay. (16 November 1998). "The Seduction of Saeed".
89. "Creative Writing (MFA) Faculty – Zia Jaffrey". The New School.
90. Jaffrey, Zia. (19 July 1998). "The Prophet in the Tree". [[The New York Times]].
91. Siegel, Lee. (24 November 1996). "The Third Sex". [[The New York Times]].
92. Bernstein, Richard. (20 November 1996). "A Bizarre Ancient Caste Yields Up Its Secrets". The New York Times.
93. Jaffrey, Zia. (30 July 2013). "The New Apartheid : AIDS in South Africa". [[Verso Books]].
94. Kaulessar, Ricardo. (11 February 2007). "Songs they're afraid to sing in China JC Museum debuts resident's documentary on country's dying political folk music".
95. (23 March 2007). "Documentary Film Maker Explores China Through Folk Songs Meera Jaffrey and James Ivory in Oberlin for Screening". [[Oberlin College]].
96. (6 August 2014). "Carepoint wins accreditation for cancer care in Bayonne". The Jersey Journal.
97. Marsh, Steven P.. (28 May 2015). "'House of Cards' actress Sakina Jaffrey is a longtime Nyack resident". [[The Journal News]].
98. Jaggi, Rohit. (23 September 2006). "Let's do the time warp again". [[Financial Times]].
99. Maya Jaggi. (16 August 2012). "Madhur Jaffrey: A taste of history". [[The Independent]].
100. Jaggi, Maya. (18 August 2008). "Memories-on-sea". [[The Guardian]].
101. Jaggi, Maya. (22 November 2024). "Lalit Jaggi obituary". The Guardian.
102. (12 June 1997). "Obituary: Raghu Raj Bahadur, Statistics". [[The University of Chicago Chronicle]].
103. "Family Tree of Rai Bahadur Jeewan Lal ji – Family Chart 9".
104. Karlekar, Malavika. (22 March 2013). "A rapidly changing city – Mosquito nets in a mango orchard". The Telegraph.
105. Dhar, Sheila. (1995). "Here's Someone I'd Like You to Meet: Tales of Innocents, Musicians and Bureaucrats". Oxford.
106. The online version is titled "The flavor of memory", originally published in the 19 & 26 August 2002 issue of ''The New Yorker''.