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Mackerel

Pelagic fish

Pelagic fish

Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of pelagic fish, mostly from the family Scombridae. They are found in both temperate and tropical seas, mostly living along the coast or offshore in the oceanic environment.

Mackerel species typically have deeply forked tails and vertical "tiger-like" stripes on their backs with an iridescent green-blue quality. Many are restricted in their distribution ranges and live in separate populations or fish stocks based on geography. Some stocks migrate in large schools along the coast to suitable spawning grounds, where they spawn in fairly shallow waters. After spawning they return the way they came in smaller schools to suitable feeding grounds, often near an area of upwelling. From there they may move offshore into deeper waters and spend the winter in relative inactivity. Other stocks migrate across oceans.

Smaller mackerel are forage fish for larger predators, including larger mackerel and Atlantic cod. Flocks of seabirds, whales, dolphins, sharks, and schools of larger fish such as tuna and marlin follow mackerel schools and attack them in sophisticated and cooperative ways. Mackerel flesh is high in omega-3 oils and is intensively harvested by humans. In 2009, over 5 million tons were landed by commercial fishermen. Sport fishermen value the fighting abilities of the king mackerel.

Species

Over 30 different species, principally belonging to the family Scombridae, are commonly referred to as mackerel. The term "mackerel" is derived from Old French and may have originally meant either "marked, spotted" or "pimp, procurer". The latter connection is not altogether clear, but mackerel spawn enthusiastically in shoals near the coast, and medieval ideas on animal procreation were creative.

Scombroid mackerels

About 21 species in the family Scombridae are commonly called mackerel. The type species for the scombroid mackerel is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. Until recently, Atlantic chub mackerel and Indo-Pacific chub mackerel were thought to be subspecies of the same species. In 1999, Collette established, on molecular and morphological considerations, that these are separate species.

Scombrini, the true mackerels

True mackerels

The true mackerels belong to the tribe Scombrini. The tribe consists of seven species, each belonging to one of two genera: Scomber or Rastrelliger.

True Mackerels (tribe Scombrini)Common nameScientific nameMaximum
lengthCommon
lengthMaximum
weightMaximum
ageTrophic
levelFishBaseFAOIUCN status
Short mackerelRastrelliger brachysoma
(Bleeker, 1851)34.5 cm20 cm2.72[[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svgVU IUCN 3 1.svg]] Vulnerable
Island mackerelR. faughni
(Matsui, 1967)20 cm0.75 kg3.4[[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svgVU IUCN 3 1.svg]] Vulnerable
Indian mackerelR. kanagurta
(Cuvier, 1816)35 cm25 cm4 years3.19[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Blue mackerelScomber australasicus
(Cuvier, 1832)44 cm30 cm1.36 kg4.2[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Atlantic chub mackerelS. colias
(Gmelin, 1789)65 cm2.9 kg20 years3.91[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Chub mackerelS. japonicus
(Houttuyn, 1782)64 cm30 cm2.9 kg18 years3.09[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Atlantic mackerelS. scombrus
(Linnaeus, 1758)66 cm30 cm3.4 kg12 years west
18 years east3.65[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern

Spanish mackerels

Scomberomorini, the Spanish mackerels

The Spanish mackerels belong to the tribe Scomberomorini, which is the "cousin tribe" of the true mackerels. This tribe consists of 21 species in all—18 of those are classified into the genus Scomberomorus, two into Grammatorcynus, and a single species into the monotypic genus Acanthocybium.

Spanish Mackerels (tribe Scomberomorini)Common nameScientific nameMaximum
lengthCommon
lengthMaximum
weightMaximum
ageTrophic
levelFishBaseFAOIUCN status
WahooAcanthocybium solandri
(Cuvier in Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1832)250 cm170 cm83 kg9 years4.4[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Shark mackerelGrammatorcynus bicarinatus
(Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)112 cm13.5 kg4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Double-lined mackerelG. bilineatus
(Rüppell, 1836)100 cm50 cm3.5 kg4.18[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Serra Spanish mackerelScomberomorus brasiliensis
(Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978)125 cm65 cm6.7 kg3.31[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
King mackerelS. cavalla
(Cuvier, 1829)184 cm70 cm45 kg14 years4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Narrow-barred Spanish mackerelS. commerson
(Lacepède, 1800)240 cm120 cm70 kg4.5[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
Monterrey Spanish mackerelS. concolor
(Lockington, 1879)87 cm3.6 kg4.24[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
Indo-Pacific king mackerelS. guttatus
(Bloch & Schneider, 1801)81.5 cm55 cm4.5 kg16 years4.28[[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svgDD IUCN 3 1.svg]] Data deficient
Korean mackerelS. koreanus
(Kishinouye, 1915)150 cm60 cm15 kg4.2[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Streaked Spanish mackerelS. lineolatus
(Cuvier, 1829)80 cm70 cm4.1 kg4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Atlantic Spanish mackerelS. maculatus
(Mitchill, 1815)91 cm5.89 kg5 years4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Papuan Spanish mackerelS. multiradiatus
Munro, 196435 cm0.5 kg4.0[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Australian spotted mackerelS. munroi
(Collette & Russo, 1980)104 cm10.2 kg4.3[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
Japanese Spanish mackerelS. niphonius
(Cuvier, 1832)113 cm10.5 kg4.5[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
Queen mackerelS. plurilineatus
Fourmanoir, 1966120 cm12.5 kg4.2[[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svgDD IUCN 3 1.svg]] Data deficient
Queensland school mackerelS. queenslandicus
(Munro, 1943)100 cm80 cm12.2 kg10 years4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Cero mackerelS. regalis
(Bloch, 1793)183 cm8.2 kg4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Broadbarred king mackerelS. semifasciatus
(Macleay, 1883)120 cm10 kg10 years4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Pacific sierraS. sierra
(Cuvier, 1832)99 cm60 cm8.2 kg4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Chinese mackerelS. sinensis
(Cuvier, 1832)247 cm100 cm131 kg4.5[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
West African Spanish mackerelS. tritor
(Cuvier, 1832)100 cm75 cm6 kg4.26[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern

Other mackerel

In addition, a number of species with mackerel-like characteristics in the families Carangidae, Hexagrammidae and Gempylidae are commonly referred to as mackerel. Some confusion had occurred between the Pacific jack mackerel (Trachurus symmetricus) and the heavily harvested Chilean jack mackerel (T. murphyi). These have been thought at times to be the same species, but are now recognized as separate species.

Other mackerel speciesFamilyCommon nameScientific nameMaximum
lengthCommon
lengthMaximum
weightMaximum
ageTrophic
levelFishBaseFAOIUCN status
Scombridae
GasterochismaButterfly mackerelGasterochisma melampus Richardson, 1845164 cm50 kg4.4[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Carangidae
Jack mackerelMackerel ScadDecapterus macarellus (Culiver, 1833)46 cm30 cm4.0[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Atlantic horse mackerelTrachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758)70 cm22 cm2.0 kg3.64[[File:VU IUCN 3 1.svgVU IUCN 3 1.svg]] Vulnerable
Blue jack mackerelT. picturatus (Bowdich, 1825)60 cm25 cm18 years3.32[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Cape horse mackerelT. capensis (Castelnau, 1861)60 cm30 cm3.47[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Chilean jack mackerelT. murphyi (Nichols, 1920)70 cm45 cm16 years3.49[[File:DD IUCN 3 1.svgDD IUCN 3 1.svg]] Data deficient
Cunene horse mackerelT. trecae (Cadenat, 1950)35 cm2.0 kg3.49[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Greenback horse mackerelT. declivis (Jenyns, 1841)64 cm42 cm25 years3.93[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Japanese horse mackerelT. japonicus (Temminck & Schlegel, 1844)50 cm35 cm0.66 kg12 years3.4[[File:NT IUCN 3 1.svgNT IUCN 3 1.svg]] Near threatened
Mediterranean horse mackerelT. mediterraneus (Steindachner, 1868)60 cm30 cm3.59[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Pacific jack mackerelT. symmetricus (Ayres, 1855)81 cm55 cm30 years3.56[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Yellowtail horse mackerelT. novaezelandiae (Richardson, 1843)50 cm35 cm25 years4.5[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Gempylidae
Snake mackerelBlack snake mackerelNealotus tripes (Johnson, 1865)25 cm15 cm4.2[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Blacksail snake mackerelThyrsitoides marleyi (Fowler, 1929)200 cm100 cm4.19Not assessed
Snake mackerelGempylus serpens (Cuvier, 1829)100 cm60 cm4.35[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
Violet snake mackerelNesiarchus nasutus (Johnson, 1862)130 cm80 cm4.33[[File:LC IUCN 3 1.svgLC IUCN 3 1.svg]] Least concern
White snake mackerelThyrsitops lepidopoides (Cuvier, 1832)40 cm25 cm3.86Not assessed
HexagrammidaeOkhotsk atka mackerelPleurogrammus azonus (Jordan & Metz, 1913)62 cm1.6 kg12 years3.58Not assessed
Atka mackerelP. monopterygius (Pallas, 1810)56.5 cm2.0 kg14 years3.33Not assessed

The term "mackerel" is also used as a modifier in the common names of other fish, sometimes indicating the fish has vertical stripes similar to a scombroid mackerel:

  • Mackerel icefish—Champsocephalus gunnari
  • Mackerel pike—Cololabis saira
  • Mackerel shark—several species
  • Shortfin mako shark—Isurus oxyrinchus
  • Mackerel tuna—Euthynnus affinis
  • Mackerel tail goldfish—Carassius auratus

By extension, the term is applied also to other species such as the mackerel tabby cat, and to inanimate objects such as the altocumulus mackerel sky cloud formation.

Characteristics (Scombridae)

publisher = Nova Scotia Fisheries and Aquaculture }}</ref>

Most mackerel belong to the family Scombridae, which also includes tuna and bonito. Generally, mackerel are much smaller and slimmer than tuna, though in other respects, they share many common characteristics. Their scales, if present at all, are extremely small. Like tuna and bonito, mackerel are voracious feeders, and are swift and manoeuvrable swimmers, able to streamline themselves by retracting their fins into grooves on their bodies. Like other scombroids, they lack a swim bladder, and their bodies are cylindrical with numerous finlets on the dorsal and ventral sides behind the dorsal and anal fins, but unlike the deep-bodied tuna, they are slim.

The type species for scombroid mackerels is the Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus. These fish are iridescent blue-green above with a silvery underbelly and near-vertical wavy black stripes running along their upper bodies.

The prominent stripes on the back of mackerels seemingly are there to provide camouflage against broken backgrounds. That is not the case, though, because mackerel live in midwater pelagic environments which have no background. However, fish have an optokinetic reflex in their visual systems that can be sensitive to moving stripes. For fish to school efficiently, they need feedback mechanisms that help them align themselves with adjacent fish, and match their speed. The stripes on neighbouring fish provide "schooling marks", which signal changes in relative position. The lateral line also helps with orderly schooling.

A layer of thin, reflecting platelets is seen on some of the mackerel stripes. In 1998, E J Denton and D M Rowe argued that these platelets transmit additional information to other fish about how a given fish moves. As the orientation of the fish changes relative to another fish, the amount of light reflected to the second fish by this layer also changes. This sensitivity to orientation gives the mackerel "considerable advantages in being able to react quickly while schooling and feeding."

Mackerel range in size from small forage fish to larger game fish. Coastal mackerel tend to be small. The king mackerel is an example of a larger mackerel. Most fish are cold-blooded, but exceptions exist. Certain species of fish maintain elevated body temperatures. Endothermic bony fishes are all in the suborder Scombroidei and include the butterfly mackerel, a species of primitive mackerel.

Mackerel are strong swimmers. Known in the latin family as "punctualis piscis" which translates to "punctual fish." This is due to its punctuality of migration during mating season as it moves from warm to cold waters. Atlantic mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.98 m/sec with a burst speed of 5.5 m/sec, while chub mackerel can swim at a sustained speed of 0.92 m/sec with a burst speed of 2.25 m/sec. The Wahoo (Acanthocybium solandri) has been known to reach speeds of up to 78 kph.

Distribution

Most mackerel species have restricted distribution ranges, while others, like the Wahoo, are found in all oceans between 59°N and 48°S.

In combination, these fish (Scombroids) can be found worldwide in all oceans of the world, excluding the Southern and Arctic Oceans. However, the Atlantic chub mackerel has been spotted near Greenland in the Arctic Ocean on rare occasions as global warming makes the Arctic more habitable for them.

Some mackerel species, especially pelagic and filter feeding one such as chub mackerel, migrate vertically, staying at certain depths depending on the time of day and food availability.

For example, adult snake mackerel, conduct a diel vertical migration, staying in deeper water during the day and rising to the surface at night to feed. The young and juveniles also migrate vertically, but in the opposite direction, staying near the surface during the day and moving deeper at night.

Lifecycle and ecology (Scombroids)

Mackerel are prolific broadcast spawners, and must breed near the surface of the water because the eggs of the females float. Individual females lay between 300,000 and 1,500,000 eggs.

Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel. Bryde's whales feed on mackerel when they can find them. They use several feeding methods, including skimming the surface, lunging, and bubble nets.

Fisheries

A fresh catch from an African beach

Chub mackerel, Scomber japonicus, are the most intensively fished scombroid mackerel. They account for about half the total capture production of scombroid mackerels.

The remaining catch of scombroid mackerels is divided equally between the Atlantic mackerel and all other scombroid mackerels. Just these two species (Chub mackerel and Atlantic mackerel) account for about 75% of the total catch of scombroid mackerels.

Chilean jack mackerel are the most commonly fished non-scombroid mackerel, fished as heavily as chub mackerel. The species has been overfished, and its fishery may now be in danger of collapsing.

Smaller mackerel behave like herrings, and are captured in similar ways. Fish species like these, which school near the surface, can be caught efficiently by purse seining. Huge purse-seine vessels use spotter planes to locate the schooling fish. Then they close in using sophisticated sonar to track the shape of the school, which is then encircled with fast auxiliary boats that deploy purse seines as they speed around the school.

Suitably designed trollers can also catch mackerels effectively when they swim near the surface. Trollers typically have several long booms which they lift and drop with "topping lifts". They haul their lines with electric or hydraulic reels. Fish aggregating devices are also used to target mackerel.

Images and videos
{{multiple image

Management and conservation

The North Sea has been overfished to the point where the ecological balance has become disrupted and many jobs in the fishing industry have been lost.

The Southeast US region spans the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, and the US Southeast Atlantic. Overfishing of king and Spanish mackerel occurred in the 1980s. Regulations were introduced to restrict the size, fishing locations, and bag limits for recreational fishers and commercial fishers. Gillnets were banned in waters off Florida. By 2001, the mackerel stocks had recovered.

As food

Atlantic mackerel on ice at a fish store}}

Main article: Mackerel as food

Mackerel is an important food fish that is consumed worldwide. As an oily fish, it is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids. The flesh of mackerel spoils quickly, especially in the tropics, and can cause scombroid food poisoning. Accordingly, it should be eaten on the day of capture, unless properly refrigerated or cured.

Mackerel preservation is not simple. Before the 19th-century development of canning and the widespread availability of refrigeration, salting and smoking were the principal preservation methods available. Historically in England, this fish was not preserved, but was consumed only in its fresh form. However, spoilage was common, leading the authors of The Cambridge Economic History of Europe to remark: "There are more references to stinking mackerel in English literature than to any other fish!"

For many years mackerel was regarded as 'unclean' in the UK and other places due to folklore which suggested that the fish fed on the corpses of dead sailors. A 1976 survey of housewives in Britain undertaken by the White Fish Authority indicated a reluctance to departing from buying the traditional staples of cod, haddock or salmon. Less than 10% of the survey's 1,931 respondents had ever bought mackerel, and only 3% did so regularly. As a result of this trend, many UK fishmongers during the 1970s did not display or even stock mackerel.

References

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