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Ma Huan

Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)

Summary

Chinese translator, voyager, and writer (c. 1380–1460)

Field	Value
name	Ma Huan
birth_name	Ma Huan
birth_date	c. 1380
birth_place	Kuaiji Commandery, Zhejiang, China
death_date	c. 1460
occupation	Explorer, Translator, Travel writer
language	Chinese, Arabic
nationality	Chinese
notableworks	Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores)

First page of the ''[[Yingya Shenglan]]'' (1451) by Ma Huan, as collected in the ''Jilu Huibian'' (1617)

Ma Huan (, Xiao'erjing: ﻣَﺎ ﺧُﻮًا) ( 1380–1460{{cite book |editor-first=C.E. |editor-last=Bosworth |isbn=90-04-07164-4 |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=E.J. Brill |year=1983 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=jJY3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA849 | pages=849–850}}), courtesy name Zongdao (), pen name Mountain-woodcutter (會稽山樵), was a Chinese explorer, translator, and travel writer who accompanied Admiral Zheng He on three of his seven expeditions to the Western Oceans. Ma was a Muslim and was born in Zhejiang's Kuaiji Commandery, an area within the modern borders of Shaoxing. He knew several Classical Chinese and Buddhist texts. He learned Arabic to be able to translate.

Expeditions and writings

In Ma Huan's fourth imperial expedition in 1413, he sailed south and west from China and into the Indian ocean, visiting Champa, Java, Sumatra, Palembang, Siam, Kochi and Hormuz.

In the 1421 expedition, he visited Malacca, Aru, Sumatra, Trincomalee, Ceylon, Kochi, Calicut, Zufar and Hormuz.

In the 1431 expedition, he visited Bengal, Chittagong, Sonargaon, Gaur and Calicut. From Calicut, he was sent by Eunuch Hong Bao as emissary to Mecca.

During his expeditions, Ma Huan took notes on the geography, politics, weather conditions, environment, economy, local customs, and even methods of punishment for criminals. Returning home on his first expedition, he began writing a book on his expedition, the first draft of which was ready around 1416. He expanded and modified his draft during later expeditions, the final version was finalized around 1451. The title of his book was Yingya Shenglan (The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores).

During the Ming dynasty and Qing dynasty, there were many printed and handcopied editions. The latest authentic text of a printed version was edited and annotated by historian . A newer edition, based on Ming dynasty handcopied editions, was recently published by Ocean Publishing House in China.

An annotated English translation by J.V.G. Mills (1887–1987) was published by the Hakluyt Society in 1970, and reprinted in 1997 by The White Lotus Press in Bangkok. Mills's translation was based on the edition by Feng Cheng jun.

The Yingya Shenglan is considered by sinologists worldwide as a primary source for the history of Ming dynasty naval exploration, history of South East Asia and history of India.

Some scholars who have done research work on Ma Huan are J.J.L. Duyvendak, F. Hirth, Paul Pelliot, Feng Chengjun, Xiang Da, J.V.G. Mills.

References

Citations

Sources

Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores 1433 by Ma Huan, translated by J.V.G. Mills, with foreword and preface, Hakluyt Society, London 1970; reprinted by the White Lotus Press 1997. ()
Paul Pelliot, Les grands voyages maritimes chinois au début du 15ème siècle.
The Oxford Encyclopedia of Maritime History. Oxford Reference.

References

(1983). "Encyclopedia of Islam, Volumes 1–5". Brill Archive.
(November 1971). "Book Reviews: Ma Huan, Ying-yai Sheng-lan, The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores". The Journal of Asian Studies.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

1380s-births 1460-deaths 14th-century-chinese-people 15th-century-chinese-writers 15th-century-translators chinese-translators chinese-explorers 15th-century-explorers ming-dynasty-muslims chinese-travel-writers explorers-of-asia explorers-of-south-asia history-of-kerala hui-people ming-dynasty-translators ming-treasure-voyages writers-from-shaoxing 15th-century-travel-writers

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