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Lyssa

Greek goddess of madness and rage

Field	Value
god_of	Goddess of rage and madness
image	Lyssa, vase painting, c. 350–340 BC, British Museum.jpg
caption	Lyssa depicted as a winged figure, surrounded by a nimbus and wielding a goad. Apulian red-figure kalyx-krater, c. 360–350 BC.
mother	Nyx
father	Uranus
type	Greek
animals	Dog
roman_equivalent	Ira, Rabies
mount	Chariot
siblings	Thanatos, Hypnos, Erinyes, several more

Note

the Greek spirit

In Greek mythology, Lyssa (, ; ), also called Lytta (; Λύττα) in Attic Greek, is a minor goddess and the spirit of rage, fury, and rabies in animals. In myth, Lyssa is often portrayed driving people insane and leading them to their doom, and would occasionally be portrayed as a dog.

She was closely related to Mania, the personification of various forms of madness and insanity. Because of their close connection and the uncertainty over whether they are the same figure, twins, or distinct personifications, Lyssa and Mania are often confused with one another, although both are generally presumed to be daughters of Nyx. Her Roman equivalents were variously named Ira, Furor, or Rabies. Sometimes she was multiplied into a host of Irae and Furores.

The viral genus Lyssavirus, which includes the causative agent of rabies, was named after this goddess.

Etymology

The Greek noun λύσσα derives from the word λύκος (lúkos), meaning "wolf".) Because seeds of alyssum were used (unsuccessfully) to treat rabies, the flower was named after the disease with the prefix α- in front, meaning without. Thus Lyssa is the etymological origin of the feminine name Alyssa.

Family

In Euripides' play Herakles, Lyssa is identified as the daughter of the night-goddess Nyx, "sprung from the blood of Uranus"—that is, the blood from Uranus' wound following his castration by his son Cronus. The 1st-century Latin writer Hyginus lists Ira (Wrath, Lyssa) as the daughter of Terra (Gaia) and Aether. Lyssa could be occasionally portrayed as a dog.

Mythology

Heracles

In Euripides' tragedy Herakles, Lyssa and the messenger goddess Iris are called upon by Hera to inflict the hero Heracles with insanity. However, Lyssa disagrees with Hera's plans, and unsuccessfully attempts to persuade Iris to refuse their orders. When she fails, Lyssa gives in and sends Heracles into a mad rage that causes him to murder his wife and children.

In her scenes, Lyssa is shown to take a temperate, measured approach to her role, professing "not to use [her powers] in anger against friends, nor [to] have any joy in visiting the homes of men."

Actaeon

In a number of ancient Greek vases Lyssa appears on the scene of the death of Actaeon, the hunter who was transformed into a deer and devoured by his own hounds for seeing Artemis naked or trying to woo Semele. In a 440s BC red-figure bell-krater by the Lykaon Painter, Lyssa stands to the right of Actaeon, inflicting his dogs with rabies and directing them against him. It has been theorised that the vase depicts the events of the myth as dramatised in Athenian tragedian Aeschylus' lost play Toxotides which dealt with Actaeon's death, although this assertion is far from certain.

In a different vase with Actaeon's death, Lyssa is present along with Aphrodite, Eros, Artemis and a woman that could be Semele, indicating a sexual nature of Actaeon's grave offence which led to him being eaten by his own rabid dogs.

Others

Lyssa also had a role in the myth of Lycurgus, the Thracian king who tried to ban the worship of Dionysus, the god of madness. In an Apulian vase from around 350 BC, the winged Lyssa supplants Dionysus as the deity causing Lycurgus to attack and kill his wife and son.

Aeschylus identifies her as being the agent sent by Dionysus to madden the impious daughters of Cadmus, who in turn dismember their kinsman Pentheus.

Notes

References

Ancient

Euripides, The Complete Greek Drama edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill, Jr. in two volumes. 1. Heracles, translated by E. P. Coleridge. New York. Random House. 1938. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Euripides, Euripidis Fabulae. vol. 2. Gilbert Murray. Oxford. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1913. Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
Gaius Julius Hyginus, Fabulae in Fabulae from The Myths of Hyginus translated and edited by Mary Grant. University of Kansas Publications in Humanistic Studies. Published in 1960. Online version at the Topos Text Project.

Modern

Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC) VI.1., Zürich and Munich, Artemis Verlag, 1992. . Internet Archive.

References

[[Digital LIMC]] [https://app.dasch.swiss/resource/080E/8G8MRxWiUDuVjytsL4RUCg 8120 (Lyssa 8)]; [[British Museum]] [https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/G_1849-0623-48 1849,0623.48]; ''[[Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae. LIMC]]'' VI.1, [https://archive.org/details/limc_20210516/Lexicon%20Iconographicum%20Mythologiae%20Classicae/LIMC%20VI-1%20Kentauroi%20et%20Kentaurides-O%C4%B1ax/page/n175/mode/2up p. 325].
(August 2009). "Lyssavirus [lis′ə-vi′′rəs]". Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Waldner, Katharina. (October 1, 2006). "Lyssa". Brill Reference Online.
Pierre Chantraine, ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque'', tome I, entry Λύσσα, p. 651.
Mike Campbell. "Meaning, Origin and History of the Name Alyssa". Behind the Name.
Vellacott, Phillip (trans.). (1963). "Herakles by Euripides".
Grant 1960, p. 815
Pierre Chantraine, ''Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque'', tome I, entry Λύσσα, p. 651.
[[Euripides]], ''[[Herakles (Euripides)
Vellacott, Phillip (trans.). (1963). "Herakles by Euripides".
[[Euripides]], ''[[Herakles (Euripides)
(August 2009). "Lyssavirus [lis′ə-vi′′rəs]". Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Waldner, Katharina. (October 1, 2006). "Lyssa". Brill Reference Online.

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personifications-in-greek-mythology insanity rabies children-of-nyx children-of-gaia avian-humanoids dog-goddesses greek-death-goddesses greek-virgin-goddesses

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