Luther Burbank

Burbank was made an honorary member of the American Breeders' Association, even though most of the other members accepted Gregor Mendel's genetic principles.

Life and work

Born in Lancaster, Massachusetts, Burbank grew up on a farm and received only a high school education in Lancaster County Academy. The thirteenth of fifteen children, he enjoyed the plants in his mother's large garden. His father died when he was 18 years old, and Burbank used his inheritance to buy a 17-acre (69,000 m2) plot of land near Lunenburg center. There, he developed the Burbank potato. Burbank sold the rights to the Burbank potato for $150 ($ in dollars) and used the money to travel to Santa Rosa, California, in 1875. Later, a natural vegetative sport (that is, an aberrant growth that can be reproduced reliably in cultivation) of Burbank potato with russetted skin was selected and named Russet Burbank potato. Today, the Russet Burbank potato is the most widely cultivated potato in the United States. The potato is popular because it doesn't expire as easily as other types of potatoes. A large percentage of McDonald's french fries are made from this cultivar.

In Santa Rosa, Burbank purchased a 4 acre plot of land, and established a greenhouse, nursery, and experimental fields that he used to conduct crossbreeding experiments on plants, inspired by Charles Darwin's The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication. (This site is now open to the public as a city park, Luther Burbank Home and Gardens.) Later he purchased an 18 acre plot of land in the nearby town of Sebastopol, called Gold Ridge Farm.

Burbank became known through his plant catalogs, the most famous being 1893's "New Creations in Fruits and Flowers," and through the word of mouth of satisfied customers, as well as press reports that kept him in the news throughout the first decade of the century.

In that same year, Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. discovered the 'Delicious' apple, an elongated fruit with five bumps on the calyx end. The oddly-shaped apple attracted the attention of Burbank, a famed grafter and budder of trees, plants and flowers. He called the new 'Delicious' variety "the finest-flavored apple in all the world." It was also in 1893 that the Starks began their storied cooperation with Luther Burbank and his fantastic new varieties of fruits.

Among those with the foresight to recognize the possibilities of Burbank's work was Clarence McDowell Stark, who went to California and sought Burbank out. After talking to him in Santa Rosa and seeing the results of his experiments, Clarence was convinced that Burbank was right, and his professorial critics were wrong. To Clarence's great dismay, he saw that Luther Burbank was operating a small seed and nursery business in an attempt to finance his experiments and provide himself a living. It was clear that he would never be able to realize his potential under these meager circumstances.

Clarence said to Burbank: "I don't think you will ever make a real success in the nursery business because your heart is not in it. But if you will carry forward the type of hybridizing you are doing, I think you will go very far in your chosen field. To demonstrate our sincere belief in your work, our company will give you $9,000 if you will let me pick three of these new fruits you have shown me."

Burbank often credited the Stark family with making his work profitable. In return, he later joined with Thomas Edison to support Paul Stark Sr. in his fight to get patent legislation passed for plant breeders. Along with Clarence's $9,000 worth of help, Luther also had something of a fan club – The Luther Burbank Society. The group took it upon themselves to publish his discoveries and manage his business affairs, affording him some additional means by which to live.

From 1904 through 1909, Burbank received several grants from the Carnegie Institution to support his ongoing research on hybridization. He was supported by the practical-minded Andrew Carnegie himself, over those of his advisers who objected that Burbank was not "scientific" in his methods.

Gastrointestinal complications and violent hiccups weakened Luther in the last two weeks before his death, which was ultimately caused by heart failure. At his bedside were Elizabeth (his wife) and his sister when he died on April 11, 1926. The famous botanist was buried in an unmarked grave, under a giant Cedar of Lebanon at the Luther Burbank Home and Gardens in Santa Rosa, California. The tree in the photo no longer stands.

As Burbank's life drew to a close, the question arose as to who would carry on his work, and naturally there were many interested in doing so. Before his death in April 1926, Luther Burbank spoke quietly to his wife, and said:

"If anything happens to me, you will have to dispose of the business and the work, because you can't go on with it. There aren't a dozen organizations in the world that are equipped to go forward with it; of them all, there is really only one I think of that could make the most of it."

He named Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co. to carry on the work. Considerable argument has been spent upon whether the plants were technically willed to Stark Bro's; they were not. He left everything to Elizabeth: money, personal property, real estate, dozens of municipal utility bonds — and the plants and precious seeds. Elizabeth had first approached both Stanford and Berkeley to have either or both universities take over the experimental farm, but sold to Stark when those proffers didn't materialize. Mrs. Burbank entered into an agreement with Stark Bro's on August 23, 1927, to take the material they wanted from Burbank's properties. The contract included ownership of the business name and all of the customer information. A September 6, 1927, contract provided exclusive rights to sell uncompleted experiments with fruits at Sebastopol (except the Royal and Paradox) for 10 years. Stark Bro's had right of renewal. Tax receipts indicate payments of $27,000 to Mrs. Burbank. Exciting new kinds of fruits and flowers Burbank had developed (but never marketed) included 120 types of plums, 18 peaches, 28 apples, 500 hybrid roses, 30 cherries, 34 pears, 52 gladioli and many more. Stark Bro's subsequently introduced many of these varieties of their catalog.

Until 1931, the Experiment Farm fell into some disrepair, so Stark Bro's sent emissaries to retrieve the most promising fruit, nut and ornamental shrubs, and in 1931 sold the flowers, vegetables and seeds to Burpee Seed Co. J. B. Keil came from Stark Bro's to coordinate the efforts and worked there from 1931 to 1934. Over the following years, Elizabeth worked with the Stark brothers to patent 16 Burbank fruits and flowers. The patents name Luther Burbank, deceased, as "inventor" by Elizabeth Waters Burbank, executrix of his estate. In 1935, Stark ended the agreement with Mrs. Burbank (or vice versa).

Mrs. Burbank then dispersed the majority of the gardens for subdivision. She sold the remaining property (excluding the house and greenhouse) to the Santa Rosa Junior College for use as a training ground. This lasted until 1954 (J. B. Keil stayed on as the caretaker). Twenty years later, the City took over ownership of the property (which it retains today as a free public showplace). The gardens include a thornless rose, spineless cactus, rainbow corn, a hybrid mulberry tree (which Luther hoped would spark an American silk industry) and his red combustion plant (Euonymus alatus).

Burbank cultivars

Burbank created hundreds of new varieties of fruits (plum, pear, prune, peach, blackberry, raspberry); potato, tomato; ornamental flowers and other plants. He introduced over 800 new plants, including flowers, grains, grasses, vegetables, cacti, and fruits.

; Fruits

• 113 plums and prunes
• 69 nuts
• 35 fruiting cactus
• 16 blackberries
• 13 raspberries
• 11 quinces
• 11 plumcots
• 10 cherries
• 10 strawberries
• 10 apples
• 8 peaches
• 6 chestnuts
• 5 nectarines
• 4 grapes
• 4 pears
• 3 walnuts
• 2 figs
• 1 almond

; Grains, grasses, forage

• 9 types

; Vegetables

• 26 types

; Ornamentals

• 91 types

On paper his method seems simple, but in practice it was extremely difficult. Most of the time, he would grow 10,000 or more plants of one variety, from which he selected as many as 50 seedlings or as few as one. From the selected plant or plants, he grew another 10,000 seedlings, continuing selective process until he produced the results he wanted. When he started his work, chestnut trees took 25 years to bear fruit. From his efforts, chestnut trees produced fruit after three years. A white blackberry so clear that one could see the seeds inside, a juicy and large plum which is still considered one of the finest in the world, a spineless cactus, and a calla lily with fragrant odor were among his many creations.

Publications

Burbank was criticized by scientists of his day because he did not keep the kind of careful records that are the norm in scientific research and because he was mainly interested in creating useful or targeted cultivars rather than in the basic research of understanding their biology or the mechanisms by which his artificial selection schemes achieved their results. Purdue University professor Jules Janick, writing in the 2004 World Book Encyclopedia, says: "Burbank cannot be considered a scientist in the academic sense."

Although Burbank may not have been a scientist by the standards of his peers, his lack of record keeping reflected the difficulties of developing and distributing cultivars in the era in which he lived. His innovations were revolutionary, and in a time when there was no way to legally protect one's inventions, Burbank may have been cautious with the successes he decided to document. Additionally, his records may not have been coherent (to the chagrin of modern scholars) because he felt his time was better valued in the garden, not writing each trial and error down in his record book.

In 1893, Burbank published a descriptive catalog of some of his best varieties, entitled New Creations in Fruits and Flowers.

In 1907, Burbank published an "essay on childrearing", called The Training of the Human Plant. In it, he advocated improved treatment of children, cultural homogenization and replacement in education, and management of reproduction and development in both a eugenic and euthenic manner, though he does not directly reference either. His support for eugenic methods is couched in his horticultural methodology and he makes direct analogies between the two, comparing the population of the United States to a massive outcrossing experiment: {{Blockquote

During his career, Burbank wrote and co-wrote several books on his methods and results, including his eight-volume How Plants Are Trained to Work for Man (1921), Harvest of the Years (with Wilbur Hall, 1927), Partner of Nature (1939), and the 12-volume Luther Burbank: His Methods and Discoveries and Their Practical Application.

Methodology

Burbank experimented with a variety of techniques such as grafting, hybridization, and cross-breeding.

Intraspecific breeding

Intraspecific hybridization within a plant species was demonstrated by Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel and was further developed by geneticists and plant breeders.

In 1908, George Harrison Shull described heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. Heterosis describes the tendency of the progeny of a specific cross to outperform both parents. The detection of the usefulness of heterosis for plant breeding has led to the development of inbred lines that reveal a heterotic yield advantage when they are crossed. Maize was the first species where heterosis was widely used to produce hybrids.

By the 1920s, statistical methods were developed to analyze gene action and distinguish heritable variation from variation caused by environment. In 1933, another important breeding technique, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS), developed in maize, was described by Marcus Morton Rhoades. CMS is a maternally inherited trait that makes the plant produce sterile pollen. This enables the production of hybrids without the need for labor-intensive detasseling.

These early breeding techniques resulted in large yield increase in the United States in the early 20th century. Similar yield increases were not produced elsewhere until after World War II. The Green Revolution increased crop production in the developing world in the 1960s.

Eugenics

Along with breeding plants, Burbank believed human beings should be selectively bred, and he was active in the American eugenics movement and wrote in publications of the American Breeders' Association as an honorary member. He was also elected to the ABA's Committee on Eugenics in 1906. As a eugenicist, he promoted genetic discrimination. In Burbank's book, The Training of the Human Plant he wrote: {{Blockquote

Classical plant breeding

Classical plant breeding uses deliberate interbreeding (crossing) of closely or distantly related individuals to produce new crop varieties or lines with desirable properties. Plants are crossbred to introduce traits/genes from one variety or line into a new genetic background. For example, a mildew-resistant pea may be crossed with a high-yielding but susceptible pea, the goal of the cross being to introduce mildew resistance without losing the high-yield characteristics. Progeny from the cross would then be crossed with the high-yielding parent to ensure that the progeny were most like the high-yielding parent, (backcrossing). The progeny from that cross would then be tested for yield and mildew resistance and high-yielding resistant plants would be further developed. Plants may also be crossed with themselves to produce inbred varieties for breeding.

Classical breeding relies largely on homologous recombination between chromosomes to generate genetic diversity. The classical plant breeder may also make use of a number of in vitro techniques such as protoplast fusion, embryo rescue or mutagenesis (see below) to generate diversity and produce hybrid plants that would not exist in nature.

Traits that breeders have tried to incorporate into crop plants in the last 100 years include:

1. Increased quality and yield of the crop
2. Increased tolerance of environmental pressures (salinity, extreme temperature, drought)
3. Resistance to viruses, fungi and bacteria
4. Increased tolerance to insect pests
5. Increased tolerance of herbicides

Mass selection

Burbank cross-pollinated the flowers of plants by hand and planted all the resulting seeds. He then selected the most promising plants to cross with other ones. He kept With fruit trees he would graft cuttings from his seedlings to mature trees in order to obtain fruit sooner.records that were haphazard and unsystematic (in those cases when he kept any records at all) and claimed to work by instinct alone according to principles he learned from Darwin's books. With berries he practiced selection on a massive scale, sometimes growing thousands of bushes and discarding all but a few from his breeding pool. Burbank had no use either for Mendelian genetics or for Hugo de Vries's theory of mutation. He believed that de Vries, who visited Burbank's operation and praised it highly, had erred in mistaking certain hybrids for mutants. In one of his few published writings, an article titled "The Training of the Human Plant," he outlined his own theory of heredity, which was very much in the line of American neo-Lamarckian biology of the second half of the nineteenth century. Like the neo-Lamarckians, Burbank assumed the inheritance of acquired characteristics. He believed that if a plant should produce an uncommonly good fruit owing to its having been provided with the proper environment and care, the qualities of that fruit would be passed along to its descendants. "Environment is the architect of heredity," he wrote, "all characters which are transmitted have been acquired." Among Burbank's many "new creations" were the Royal and Paradox walnuts, the Primus berry – a cross between a raspberry and a dewberry – the Van Deman quince, the Paradox berry (something like a boysenberry), the 'New Japan' mammoth chestnut, and the Golden plum.

Personal life

Burbank was praised and admired not only for his gardening skills but for his modesty, generosity and kind spirit. He was very interested in education and gave money to the local schools.

He married twice: to Helen Coleman in 1890, which ended in divorce in 1896; and to Elizabeth Waters in 1916. He had no children of his own but did adopt a daughter.

In a speech given to the First Congregational church of San Francisco in 1926, Burbank said:

Luther Burbank was highly revered throughout the United States of America. In September 1905 a group of California's most influential businessmen, intellectuals, and politicians gathered at a banquet thrown in honor of Luther Burbank by the State Board of Trade. Many people spoke about Burbank, such as Senator Perkins who stated that Burbank could teach the government valuable lessons, and that "he is doing more to instruct, interest, and make popular the work in the garden than any man of his generation."

At the same convention, Albert G. Burnett, a judge of the Superior Court for Sonoma County stated that Burbank had improved the community incredibly making it a place that people came "to sit at the feet of this great apostle and prophet of beauty and happiness ... and catch some measure of his matchless inspiration." He also stated that Burbank's deeds were always done to "bring more of the sunshine of comfort and happiness into the cottages of the poor as well as the palaces of the rich."

In 1924 Burbank wrote a letter endorsing the "Yogoda" training system of Paramahansa Yogananda as a superior alternative to what he considered narrowly intellectual education offered by most schools. He caused a great deal of public controversy a few months before his death in 1926 when he answered questions about his deepest beliefs by a reporter from the San Francisco Bulletin with the following statement:

Paramahansa Yogananda wrote in Autobiography of a Yogi that "Intimate communion with Nature, who unlocked to him [Burbank] many of her jealously guarded secrets, had given Burbank a boundless spiritual reverence". Burbank had received Kriya Yoga initiation from Paramahansa Yogananda, and he is quoted as saying "I practice the technique devoutly, Swamiji...Sometimes I feel very close to the infinite power...then i have been able to heal sick persons around me, as well as many ailing plants". He is also recorded as saying the following in relation to his deceased mother "Many times since her death I have been blessed by her appearance in visions; she has spoken to me."

Death

In mid-March 1926, Burbank suffered a heart attack and became ill with gastrointestinal complications. He died on April 11, 1926, aged 77, and is buried near the greenhouse at the Luther Burbank Home and Gardens. The honor guard at his funeral included San Francisco mayor James Rolph, Santa Rosa mayor Charles O. Dunbar, and former Stanford University Chancellor David Starr Jordan. An address at the Memorial Service was given by Judge Ben Lindsey.

Legacy

California's Arbor Day was made March 7, Luther Burbank's birthday, in honor of him. Burt, Olive W., Luther Burbank, Boy Wizard, Bobbs-Merril Company, Inc., 1948, 1962, p. 180.

Burbank's fame and admiration reflect the various ways people see humans' roles in nature, by representing both the importance of our connection to the natural world and the numerous possibilities created by plant manipulation. Burbank's work spurred the passing of the 1930 Plant Patent Act four years after his death. The legislation made it possible to patent new varieties of plants (excluding tuber-propagated plants). Thomas Edison testified before Congress in support of the legislation and said that "This [bill] will, I feel sure, give us many Burbanks." The authorities issued Plant Patents No. 12, #13, No. 14, #15, No. 16, #18, No. 41, #65, No. 66, #235, No. 266, #267, No. 269, #290, No. 291, and #1041 to Burbank posthumously.

In 1931, while visiting San Francisco, Frida Kahlo painted a portrait of Burbank emerging as a tree from his interred corpse.

In 1940, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 3-cent stamp honoring Burbank.

In 1986, Burbank was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. The Luther Burbank Home and Gardens, in downtown Santa Rosa, are now designated as a National Historic Landmark. Luther Burbank's Gold Ridge Experiment Farm is listed in the National Register of Historic Places a few miles west of Santa Rosa in the town of Sebastopol, California.

The home that Luther Burbank was born in, as well as his California garden office, were moved by Henry Ford to Dearborn, Michigan, and are part of Greenfield Village.

Several places and institutions are named for Luther Burbank. They include:

• Luther Burbank Center for the Arts, a large facility in Santa Rosa, California
• Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento, California
• Luther Burbank High School in San Antonio, Texas
• The Luther Burbank School District in San Jose, California
• Luther Burbank Middle School in Lancaster, Massachusetts
• Luther Burbank Middle School in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Highland Park, California
• Luther Burbank Middle School in Burbank, California
• Luther Burbank Elementary School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin
• Luther Burbank Elementary School in Santa Rosa, California
• Luther Burbank Elementary School in Burbank, Illinois
• Luther Burbank Elementary School in Long Beach, California
• Luther Burbank Elementary School in Merced, California
• Burbank Elementary School in Modesto, California
• Luther Burbank Park in Mercer Island, Washington
• Burbank Elementary School in Artesia, California
• The census-designated place Burbank, Washington
• The census-designated place Burbank, Santa Clara County, CA
• The census-designated place Burbank, Illinois
• The census-designated place Burbank, Alabama
• Luther Burbank Savings, Santa Rosa-based financial institution ; Plant species named after Luther Burbank
• Canna 'Burbank'
• Chrysanthemum burbankii Makino (Asteraceae)
• Myrica × burbankii A.Chev. (Myricaceae)
• Solanum × burbankii (Solanum retroflexum) (Solanaceae)

References

References

1. [http://invent.org/inductee-detail/?IID=21 Luther Burbank. Peach and Other Fruit. US Patent No. PP15. Inducted in 1986], National Inventors Hall of Fame
2. (2010). "The Garden of Invention : Luther Burbank and the business of breeding plants". Penguin Group.
3. (2010). "The Garden of Invention : Luther Burbank and the business of breeding plants". Penguin Group.
4. Luther's father, Samuel Walton, had nine children with wife Hannah Ball, two children with wife Mary Ann Rugg and four children with wife Olive Ross. In addition the first birth with Olive did not survive a day, so is not counted among the fifteen.
5. "Luther Burbank, Biography".
6. "Luther Burbank, California Studies Weekly".
7. "Gold Ridge Luther Burbank's Experiment Farm".
8. Zotta, LeAnn. (2015). "200 Years and Growing: The Story of Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Co.". IngramSpark.
9. Stark, Clarence. (1913). "Stark Delicious: The World's Best Apple". Stark Bro's Nurseries & Orchards Catalog.
10. Janick, Jules. (February 2015). "Luther Burbank: Plant Breeding Artist, Horticulturist, and Legend". HortScience.
11. (1912). "Luther Burbank Society roster". Luther Burbank Society.
12. "Luther Burbank".
13. "What If a Potato Could Change Agriculture". The Henry Ford.
14. Whitman, John. (December 3, 1974). "The Psychic Power of Plants". New American Library.
15. "Image: Chestnut tree".
16. "Spineless Cactus". Luther Burbank Home & Gardens.
17. (February 1, 2015). "A Vast Array of Beauty: The Accomplishments of the Father of American Ornamental Breeding, Luther Burbank". HortScience.
18. Smith, Jane S. "Faster, Better, Sweeter." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. N. pag. Print.
19. Burbank, Luther. (1907). "The Training of the Human Plant". The Century Company, The de Vinne Press.
20. (March 2006). "Luther Burbank: Honorary Member of the American Breeders' Association". Journal of Heredity.
21. Carlson, Elof Axel.. (2001). "The unfit : a history of a bad idea". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
22. Smith, Jane S. "Prologue." The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants. New York: Penguin, 2009. Print.
23. Yogananda, Paramahansa. (1997). "Autobiography of a Yogi". Self-Realization Fellowship.
24. Denis Murphy. (30 August 2007). "Plant Breeding and Biotechnology: Societal Context and the Future of Agriculture". Cambridge University Press.
25. (2009). "The Garden of Invention". Penguin Books.
26. [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/7452/7452-h/7452-h.htm Autobiography of a Yogi, Paramahansa Yogananda, Chapter 38] Note: navigation by chapter only, no pages #s
27. Barker, Dan. (August 1993). "I Am An Infidel". [[Freedom From Religion Foundation]].
28. Paramahansa Yogananda, ''Autobiography of a Yogi'', Chapter 38-page 398 (ebook edition 2019)
29. (15 April 1926). "Boy Scouts in honor guard to Luther Burbank". Napa Journal.
30. "Portrait of Luther Burbank, 1931 – by Frida Kahlo".
31. "Stamp Series". United States Postal Service.