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Lu (cuneiform)

Cuneiform sign

Cuneiform sign

The cuneiform lu sign is a common, multi-use sign, a syllabic for lu, and an alphabetic sign used for l, or u; it has many other sub-uses, as seen in the Epic of Gilgamesh over hundreds of years, and the 1350 BC Amarna letters. Its other uses show other syllabic and alphabetic forms that it can be used for: other vowels, or consonants; (in Akkadian d can replace t, and b and p are also interchangeable). There are also four sumerogrammic sub-forms for "lu" in the Epic of Gilgamesh, LU, and UDU, and DAB and DIB; LU transposes to Akkadian language, "lullû", for English language, (primitive) man; DAB transposes to ṣabātu, English for to seize, capture.

The usage numbers for lu (sign no. 537) in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: dab-(2) times, dap-(4), dib-(1), lu-(293), tep-(1), tàb-(1), tib-(4), DAB-(4), DIB-(1), LU-(9), UDU-(1).

The lu cuneiform sign is within a small group of signs that are composed of 1- or 2-vertical strokes (at right or left), the other signs being no. 535 Ib (cuneiform), no. 536 ku (cuneiform) (only 1-vertical, left and right), no. 575 ur (cuneiform), and gáb (cuneiform).

Besides ša usage in word components of verbs, nouns, etc., it has a major usage between words. In Akkadian, for English language "who", it is an interrogative pronoun; in the Akkadian language as ša, (as "that", "what"; ("that (of)", "which (of)"), in English it used for who, what, which, etc..

Ša, and Ka, the stroke differences

The difference in the construction of the signs ka and ša are as follows: "ka" when scribed in the Amarna letters often shows the distinctiveness of the right section of the sign, versus the left section. For ša, the right section is constructed with two wedge strokes [[File:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform10.PNG|100x24px]] (one scribed above the other), between the two verticals, at right. For ka, the right side mostly, in the Amarna letters has two verticals, [[File:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px]][[File:C+B-Persia-Cuneiform1.PNG|100x24px]] with two horizontals [[File:B209ellst.png|100x24px]] that cross both of them; (the right side is like a two-step ladder shape—(for Hittite ka:—[[File:B024 Hittite ka.jpg|100x24px]])). A good example of ša, is shown for EA 365, Reverse (top half), where the 2-wedge strokes of ša between the 2-right verticals is clear. (Note, the ša of EA 365 appears to have 3-horizontals at left (differing lengths), then the 2-verticals with the 2-wedge strokes, at right.)

Ša Usage numbers

''Epic of Gilgamesh''

The usage numbers for lu (sign no. 537) in the Epic of Gilgamesh are as follows: ša-(66) times. There are no other sub-uses or sumerogramic uses for ša in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

[[Amarna letters]]

Cuneiform ša is common in the Amarna letters, found easily between words (as the pronoun), and especially in word constructs. Since it is similar in appearance to cuneiform ka, the large difference is that ka can easily be found as a suffix to words, for example in the Canaanite sub-corpus of letters as "Servant-Yours", [[File:B018 (Old Babylonian arad-v2).jpg|100x24px]][[File:B024 Hittite ka.jpg|100x24px]], (ARAD-ka).

References

  • Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, )

  • Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.

  • Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors Claude Schaeffer, with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", author Giorgio Buccellati, ( i.e. Ugarit and Amarna (letters), three others, Mari, OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters).--

  • Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.

  • Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.--

  • Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.

  • Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

-- Tablet Zimri-Lim Louvre AO20161.jpg

  • Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. Beginning Hittite. Warren H. Held, Jr, William R. Schmalstieg, Janet E. Gertz, c. 1987, Slavica Publishers, Inc. w/ Glossaries, Sign List, Indexes, etc, 218 pages.
  • Moran, William L. 1987, 1992. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. 393 pages.(softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0)

MORAN AMARNA

  • Parpola, 1971. The Standard Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh, Parpola, Simo, Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, c 1997, Tablet I thru Tablet XII, Index of Names, Sign List, and Glossary-(pp. 119–145), 165 pages.
  • Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

RAINEY-LETTER_REF

SIGN

GLOSS CCCCCCCCC

GLOSS-RAINEY

GLOSS-Buccellati

UUU-FFFORS

  • Ugarit Forschungen (Neukirchen-Vluyn). UF-11 (1979) honors Claude Schaeffer, with about 100 articles in 900 pages. pp 95, ff, "Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian", ( i.e. Ugarit and Amarna (letters), three others, Mari, OB,Royal, OB,non-Royal letters). See above, in text.

XXX-BUCCELLATI-XXX-PPPPPP

REF

  • Buccellati, Giorgio. Comparative Graphemic Analysis of Old Babylonian and Western Akkadian, from Ugarit-Forschungen 8, (Neukirchen-Vluyen).
  • Rainey, 1970. El Amarna Tablets, 359-379, Anson F. Rainey, (AOAT 8, Alter Orient Altes Testament 8, Kevelaer and Neukirchen -Vluyen), 1970, 107 pages.

Amarna letter mp3h8878.jpg File:Tablet Zimri-Lim Louvre AO20161.jpg Cylinder Seal LACMA M.76.174.375 (2 of 4).jpg

XX ē Š š Ú ú

:(22)-- :(23)-- :(24)-- :(25)-- :(26)-- :(27)-- :(28)-- :(29)-- :(30)--

C+B-Assyria-CuneiformImage12.PNG|Full EA 365, Reverse

File:Tablet Zimri-Lim Louvre AO20161.jpg|with griffin (Lion (with lion tail) and wings (on Side E)). The columns of inscription contain, at right: an (cuneiform)-(for DINGIR, god?), and pa (cuneiform).

XXX Amarna letter mp3h8878.jpg

References

  1. [[William L. Moran. Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 365, ''Furnishing [[Corvee]] Workers'', p. 362.
  2. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''lullû''', p. 131.
  3. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''ṣabātu''', p. 139.
  4. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign No. 537, '''lu''', p. 164.
  5. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 537, '''Lu''', p. 156.
  6. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''ša''', p. 139.
  7. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, Sign No. 019, '''ša''', p. 161.
  8. [[William L. Moran. Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992, ''The Amarna Letters,'' letter EA 365, ''Furnishing Corvée Workers,'' p. 363
  9. [[William L. Moran. Moran, William L.]] 1987, 1992. ''The Amarna Letters.'' EA 147, ''A Hymn to the Pharaoh'', pp. 233-235.
  10. [[Anson Rainey. Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' [[Anson Rainey. Anson F. Rainey]], (AOAT 8, ''Alter Orient Altes Testament 8'')
  11. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Sign List, pp. 155-165, no. 068, p. 156.
  12. Rainey, 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' Glossary:Vocabulary, pp. 55-87, p. 24.
  13. [[Anson Rainey. Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379,'' ''EA 365, [[Biridiya]] of [[Megiddo]] to the King,'' pp. 24-27.
  14. Parpola, 1971. ''The Standard Babylonian [[Epic of Gilgamesh]]'', Glossary, pp. 119-145, '''aššum''', p. 122.
  15. [[Anson Rainey. Rainey]], 1970. ''El Amarna Tablets, 359-379'', ''Glossary:Vocabulary'', '''saparu''', pp. 55-87, p. 81.
  16. [[Giorgio Buccellati. Buccellati, Giorgio]], (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Old Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.
  17. [[Giorgio Buccellati. Buccellati, Giorgio]], (Ugarit-Forschungen 11, 1979). ''Comparative Graphemic Analysis of [[Akkadian language. Old]] [[First Babylonian Dynasty. Babylonian]] and Western Akkadian'', pp. 95-100, Graph, p. 96.
  18. Held, Schmalstieg, Gertz, 1987. ''Beginning Hittite'', Sign List, page 194, page 200.
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