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Lower Rhine

Lower portion of the river Rhine

Summary

Lower portion of the river Rhine

Field	Value
name	Lower Rhine (Niederrhein)
image	Düsseldorf Rhein (51720326377).jpg
image_caption	Lower Rhine at Düsseldorf
map	[[File:Rhein-Karte2.png	center	250px	upright=1.2]]
map_caption	Sections of the Rhine:
subdivision_type1	Country
subdivision_name1	Germany
subdivision_type2	States
subdivision_name2	North Rhine-Westphalia
subdivision_type3	Districts
subdivision_name3	Bonn, Cologne, Duisburg, Düsseldorf, Kleve, Krefeld, Leverkusen, Mettmann, Rhein-Erft, Rhein-Kreis Neuss, Rhein-Lahn, Rhein-Sieg, Wesel
subdivision_type4	Country
subdivision_name4	The Netherlands
subdivision_type5	Provinces
subdivision_name5	Gelderland, South Holland, Utrecht
length	373 km, 205.5 km without the Nederrijn
source1_location	Between Bad Godesberg and Bonn-Oberkassel, continuation of the Middle Rhine
source1_coordinates
source1_elevation	61 m
mouth_location	Hook of Holland, North Sea
mouth_coordinates
mouth_elevation	0 m
tributaries_left	Erft, Kalflack, Meuse
tributaries_right	Düssel, Emscher, Lippe, Ruhr, Sieg, Wupper

Lower Rhine (, ; kilometres 660 to 1,033 of the Rhine) is the section of the Rhine between Bonn in Germany and the North Sea at Hook of Holland in the Netherlands, including the Nederrijn () within the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta; alternatively, Lower Rhine may also refer to just the part upstream of Pannerdens Kop (km 660–865.5),

It is the last of the four sections of the Rhine between Lake Constance and the North Sea (the others being the High Rhine, Upper Rhine and Middle Rhine).

Geography

German section

Downstream of Bonn, the river meanders through the Lower Rhine Bay (Niederrheinische Bucht), passing through the city of Cologne (Köln), and continues through the Lower Rhine Plain (Niederrheinisches Tiefland). The German term Niederrhein refers both to the German section of the Lower Rhine as well as to parts of the surrounding Lower Rhine region.

Netherlands section

Main article: Nederrijn, Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta

Almost immediately after entering the Netherlands, the Rhine splits into numerous branches. The main branch is called the Waal which flows from Nijmegen to meet the Meuse; after which it is called Merwede. Near Rotterdam the river is known as Nieuwe Maas, and becomes the Nieuwe Waterweg flowing into the North Sea at Hook of Holland.

The downstream Lower Rhine is a low-lying land. Up to the beginning of industrialization roughly one fifth of the land area could only be used as pasture: an endless meadow, which could not be farmed because of flooding and a high ground-water level. However, the remaining soils of the Lower Rhine were always very fertile. That can also be seen in the farmsteads. The houses are relatively large, with the intention of accommodating a plentiful harvest and many cattle. The Nederrijn refers to the more northern former main branch of the Rhine, which flows past Arnhem; splits off the IJssel which flows into the IJsselmeer and then splits into the Lek and the Kromme Rijn at Wijk bij Duurstede. The Lek flows into the Merwede. The Kromme Rijn continues past Utrecht, becomes the Leidse Rijn, then Oude Rijn and flows into the North Sea at Katwijk.

There are other minor branches such as the Vecht, Hollandse IJssel and the Noord.

Notes

References

"''Rheinkilometrierung'' [Rhine kilometrage]".
"''Leuchtfeuer am Niederrhein'' [Beacon on the Lower Rhine]".
"Lower Rhine".
Gerlach, Renate. (2022). "The Lower Rhine (Germany) in Late Antiquity: a time of dissolving structures". Netherlands Journal of Geosciences.

Wikipedia Source

This article was imported from Wikipedia and is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License. Content has been adapted to SurfDoc format. Original contributors can be found on the article history page.

rhine-basin rivers-of-north-rhine-westphalia rivers-of-the-netherlands rhine rivers-of-gelderland rivers-of-utrecht-(province) rivers-of-south-holland rivers-of-overijssel rivers-of-germany

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