Loudoun County, Virginia

History

18th century

Loudoun County was established in 1757 from Fairfax County. The county is named for John Campbell, Fourth Earl of Loudoun and governor general of Virginia from 1756 to 1759. Western settlement began in the 1720s and 1730s with Quakers, Scots-Irish, Germans and others moving south from Pennsylvania and Maryland, and also by English and enslaved Africans moving upriver from Tidewater.

At the time of the American Revolution, Loudoun County was Virginia's most populous county. It was also rich in agriculture, and the county's contributions of grain to George Washington's Continental Army earned it the nickname "Breadbasket of the Revolution."

19th century

War of 1812

During the War of 1812, important federal documents and government archives were evacuated from Washington and stored at Leesburg. Local tradition holds that these documents were stored at Rokeby House.

U.S. president James Monroe treated Oak Hill Plantation as a primary residence from 1823 until his death on July 4, 1831. The Loudoun County coat of arms and flag, granted by the English College of Arms, memorialize the special relationship between Britain and the United States that developed through his Monroe Doctrine.

American Civil War

Main article: Loudoun County in the American Civil War

The American Civil War divided the county, which saw fighting because of its strategic location. In April 1861, both of Loudoun County's representatives to the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 favored the Union. Delegates elected John Janney, a former Quaker and slave owner, presided over that assembly, which ultimately voted to secede. Loudoun voters also voted to secede. In addition to Confederate cavalry and infantry units formed within the county, other Loudoun residents traveled to Maryland to join Union army cavalry and border guard units. On October 21, 1861, in the Battle of Ball's Bluff along the Potomac River near Leesburg, future jurist Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. was critically wounded.

In the spring of 1862, Leesburg was occupied by Union troops and later recaptured by the Confederate Army after Union troops withdrew. Confederate partisan John S. Mosby based his operations in Loudoun and adjoining Fauquier County.

In June 1863, during the Gettysburg campaign, Confederate major general J.E.B. Stuart and Union cavalry clashed in the battles of Aldie, Middleburg, and Upperville. By December 1863, Loudoun was held by Union forces, and was among the nine counties which elected delegates to the Virginia General Assembly at Alexandria.

Loudoun voters elected and reelected John J. Henshaw and J. Madison Downey as their representatives to that body, and fellow delegates elected Downey as their Speaker. Loudoun voters elected and reelected William F. Mercer to the upper body of that version of the Virginia General Assembly, and elected him to the Virginia Senate in the 1865–1867 session. They elected former delegates R.M. Bentley and William Hill Gray as their part-time delegates in the lower house in that session.

20th century

During World War I, Loudoun County was a major breadbasket for supplying provisions to soldiers in Europe. Loudoun farmers implemented new agricultural innovations such as vaccination of livestock, seed inoculations and ensilage. The county experienced a boom in agricultural output, outputting an annual wheat output of 1.04 million bushels in 1917, the largest of any county in Virginia that year. 1.2 million units of home produce were produced at home, much of which went to training sites across the state such as Camp Lee. The Smith–Lever Act of 1914 established increased agricultural education in Virginia counties, increasing agricultural yields. After the war, a plaque was dedicated to the "30 glorious dead" from the county who died in the Great War. Five of the thirty died on the front, while the other twenty five died while in training or in other locations inside the United States.

In 1962, Dulles International Airport was built in southeastern Loudoun County in Sterling. Since then, Loudoun County has experienced a high-tech boom and rapid growth. Accordingly, many have moved to eastern Loudoun and become residents of planned communities such as Sterling Park, Sugarland Run, Cascades, Ashburn Village, and Ashburn Farm, making that section a veritable part of the Washington suburbs. Others have moved to the county seat or to the small towns and rural communities of the Loudoun Valley, which makes up the majority of the county's area.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Loudoun County has a total area of 521 sqmi, of which 516 sqmi is land and 6 sqmi (1.1%) is water. It is bounded on the north by the Potomac River; across the river are Frederick, Washington and Montgomery counties in Maryland; it is bounded on the south by Prince William and Fauquier counties, on the west by the watershed of the Blue Ridge Mountain across which are Jefferson County, West Virginia and Clarke County, and on the east by Fairfax County. The Bull Run Mountains and Catoctin Mountain bisect the county. To the west of the range is the Loudoun Valley. Bisecting the Loudoun Valley from Hillsboro to the Potomac River is Short Hill Mountain.

Adjacent counties

National protected area

• Harpers Ferry National Historical Park

Demographics

|align-fn=center 1790-1960 1900-1990 1990-2000 2010 2020

From 1890 to 1940, the county had a decline in population as people moved to cities for more opportunities. The decline was likely highest among African Americans, who had worked in an agricultural economy that was becoming increasingly mechanized. During the first half of the 20th century, African Americans moved out of rural areas to cities in the Great Migration. In the 21st century, African Americans now form a proportionally much smaller portion of the county's population than they once did, and the Hispanic and Asian populations of the county outnumber them significantly.

2020 census

As of the 2020 census, the county had a population of 420,959. The median age was 37.0 years. 28.1% of residents were under the age of 18 and 9.9% of residents were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 96.9 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 94.3 males age 18 and over.

The racial makeup of the county was 53.7% White, 7.3% Black or African American, 0.4% American Indian and Alaska Native, 21.3% Asian, 0.1% Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, 6.7% from some other race, and 10.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race comprised 14.2% of the population.

88.1% of residents lived in urban areas, while 11.9% lived in rural areas.

There were 137,442 households in the county, of which 46.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them and 18.4% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. About 16.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

There were 142,074 housing units, of which 3.3% were vacant. Among occupied housing units, 76.4% were owner-occupied and 23.6% were renter-occupied. The homeowner vacancy rate was 0.7% and the rental vacancy rate was 5.6%.

Racial and ethnic composition

2000 to 2019

As of the census of 2010, there were 312,311 people, 104,583 households, and 80,494 families residing in the county. The population density was 606 PD/sqmi. There were 109,442 housing units at an average density of 212 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the county was:

• 68.7% White
• 14.7% Asian (7.90% Indian, 1.74% Filipino, 1.61% Chinese, 1.34% Korean, 1.22% Vietnamese, 1.09% Pakistani)
• 7.3% African American
• 0.3% Native American
• 0.1% Pacific Islander
• 4.9% of some other race
• 4.0% of two or more races
• 12.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race (3.4% Salvadoran, 1.8% Mexican, 1.3% Peruvian, 0.9% Puerto Rican, 0.6% Honduran, 0.6% Bolivian, 0.5% Guatemalan, 0.5% Colombian)

According to the 2010 census, 10.5% of residents reported being of German ancestry, while 9.1% reported Irish, 7.7% English, 5.4% Italian and 5.2% American ancestry.

The most spoken languages other than English in Loudoun County in 2018 were Spanish, spoken by 10.8% of the population, and Telugu, spoken by 2.8% of the population. Almost 25% of Loudoun County residents were born outside of the United States, with the largest number of foreign-born residents being from El Salvador, India, and Mexico.

As of 2000, there were 59,900 households, out of which 43.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.30% were married couples living together, 7.80% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.80% were non-families. 18.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82, and the average family size was 3.24.

In the county, 29.80% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.70% was from 18 to 24, 38.90% from 25 to 44, 20.00% from 45 to 64, and 5.60% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.80 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.50 males.

In 2011, census survey data concluded that Loudoun County had the highest median income in the country at $119,134.

From 1980 to 2014, deaths from cancer in Loudoun County decreased by 46 percent, the largest such decrease of any county in the United States.

From 2017 to 2018, Loudoun County saw an increase of 18.5% of households experiencing homelessness, a 21% increase for single adults, and a 36% increase for families. Homelessness for veterans in the county decreased by 16% from 2017 to 2018.

Economy

Traditionally a rural county, Loudoun's population has grown dramatically since the 1980s. Having undergone heavy suburbanization since 1990, Loudoun has a full-fledged service economy. It is home to world headquarters for several Internet-related and high tech companies, including Verizon Business, Telos Corporation, and Orbital Sciences Corporation. Like Fairfax County's Dulles Corridor, Loudoun County has economically benefited from Dulles International Airport, the majority of which is in the county along its border with Fairfax.

Loudoun County retains a strong rural economy. The equine industry has an estimated revenue of $78 million. It is home to the Morven Park International Equestrian Center which hosts national horse trials. In addition, a growing wine industry has produced several internationally recognized wines. Loudoun County now has 40 wineries and over 25 active farms. Loudoun has rich soil and was in the mid-19th century a top wheat-producing county in the fourth largest wheat-producing state.

MCI, Inc. (formerly WorldCom), a subsidiary of Verizon Communications, is headquartered in Ashburn, Loudoun County. It announced it would move its headquarters to Ashburn in 2003. AOL had its headquarters at 22000 AOL Way in Dulles in unincorporated Loudoun County. In 2007 AOL announced it would move its headquarters from Loudoun County to New York City; it would continue to operate its Virginia offices. Orbital Sciences Corporation has its headquarters in Dulles.

Loudoun County houses over 60 massive data centers, many of which correspond to Amazon Web Services's (AWS) us-east-1 region. It has been claimed that these data centers carry 70 percent of daily global web traffic, although this figure has been disputed with a more conservative estimate of 22 percent. Loudoun County's "Data Center Alley" is the world's largest concentration of data centers with over 25 million square feet of data centers.

Before its dissolution, Independence Air (originally Atlantic Coast Airlines) was headquartered in Dulles. At one time Atlantic Coast Airlines had its headquarters in Sterling. Before its dissolution, MAXjet Airways was headquartered on the grounds of Dulles International Airport.

Top employers

According to the county's annual comprehensive financial reports, the top employers in the county are:

Government and politics

Between 1952 and 2008, Loudoun was a Republican-leaning county.

However, this has changed in recent years with Democrats winning Loudoun in all statewide campaigns after Republicans narrowly carried it in 2014. As of the 2025 elections, Democrats hold a seven to two majority on the Board of Supervisors and a five to four majority on the School Board, but Republicans hold all five countywide elected constitutional offices (Clerk of the Circuit Court, Commissioner of the Revenue, Commonwealth's Attorney, Sheriff, and Treasurer). This makes Loudoun County a reliable state bellwether, having voted for every statewide presidential election winner since 1932.

The county's official motto, I Byde My Time, is borrowed from the coat of arms of the Earl of Loudoun. In the mid to late 20th century, as northerners gradually migrated to Southern suburbs, Loudoun County increasingly shifted to the Republican Party in supporting presidential candidates, and more local ones. Before the 2008 election of Barack Obama, county voters had not supported a Democratic president since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.

In recent years, the county's rapid suburban growth in its eastern portion, settled by educated professionals working in or near Washington, D.C., has changed the demographics of the county, and the Democratic Party has become increasingly competitive. After giving Senator Barack Obama nearly 54% of its presidential vote in 2008, the county supported Republican Bob McDonnell in 2009, who received 61% of the gubernatorial vote. Voters also replaced two incumbent Democratic delegates, making Loudoun's state House delegation all Republican. In 2012 county voters again supported Obama, who took 51.5% of the vote, with Republican challenger Mitt Romney garnering 47%. Democrats have won the county in every presidential election since 2008.

In 2020, Joe Biden won 61.5% of the county's vote, the best result for a Democratic candidate in Loudoun since 1964. A year later, in the 2021 Virginia gubernatorial election, Democratic nominee and former Governor Terry McAuliffe won the county with 55.3% to now Republican Governor Glenn Youngkin's 44.2%. Loudoun was one of ten counties that was won by McAuliffe, though it was his smallest margin of victory in Northern Virginia. In 2024, Kamala Harris won 56% to Donald Trump's 40%, with the county shifting right by 9 percentage points from 2020 to 2024.

County Board of Supervisors

Like many counties in Virginia, Loudoun is locally governed by a board of supervisors, the Loudoun County Board of Supervisors. The chairman of the board is elected by county voters at-large while the remaining supervisors are elected from eight single-member districts roughly equal in population. All nine members serve concurrent terms of four years. The board handles policy and land use issues and sets the budget; it appoints a county administrator to handle the county government's day-to-day operations. As of the 2023 elections, the chairman of the board and six district supervisors are Democrats; the remaining two supervisors are Republicans.

The Board's current Chair, Phyllis Randall, became the first person of color in Virginia's history to be an elected chair of a county board when she was elected Chair-at-Large in 2015.

In November 2019, Democrats took over the Board of Supervisors. Voters elected Juli E. Briskman (D) in Algonkian District, with 6,763 votes (54.09%) replacing incumbent Suzanne M. Volpe (R) who polled 5,719 votes (45.74%). Juli Briskman had been fired from her job as a marketing analyst for a United States government and military subcontractor, after an AFP photo of her flipping off the motorcade of Donald Trump went viral on social media in 2017.

The National Transportation Safety Board operates the Ashburn Aviation Field Office in Ashburn, an unincorporated area of Loudoun County. The Federal Aviation Administration's Washington Air Route Traffic Control Center, the second-busiest facility of its kind in the nation, is located in Leesburg.

Emergency services are provided by the Loudoun County Combined Fire and Rescue System with the Office of Emergency Management. LC-CFRS is a combination system that utilizes some 500 volunteers and over 600 career firefighters, EMT/paramedics, dispatchers, and support staff. LCFR is one of the largest fire and rescue systems in Virginia.

Law enforcement in Loudoun County is provided by the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office, which is Virginia's largest sheriff's office, as well as three town police departments: Leesburg Police, Purcellville Police, and Middleburg Police. The county's highways are also patrolled by Virginia State Police troopers. Dulles Airport and the Dulles Toll Road are patrolled by the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority Police Department.

The Loudoun County Public Library System has eleven branches in the county. The library's Outreach Department of the Loudoun County Public Library is a resource for those who cannot easily access branch services. The public library system has won several awards, including 10th place for libraries serving a comparably sized population in 2006

Loudoun County is one of the counties in Virginia that elects to cover their employees in the Virginia Mortgage Assistance Program (VMAP). The program is designed to make housing more affordable for civil service workers in Virginia.

Transportation

Main article: Loudoun County Transit

Airports

Loudoun County has two airports: Dulles International and Leesburg Executive.

Bus

Loudoun County operates its own bus public transit system, known as Loudoun County Transit.

Rail

The Silver Line of the Washington Metro provides service at the Dulles Airport, Loudoun Gateway, and Ashburn stations.

Major highways

Education

The county is served by Loudoun County Public Schools (LCPS). LCPS serves over 70,000 students from kindergarten through 12th grade and is Virginia's fifth largest school system. Loudoun County schools recently ranked 11th in the United States in terms of educational achievement versus funds spent. Loudoun County also sends students to its Loudoun Academy of Science, formerly housed within Dominion High School now within the Academies of Loudoun, and is eligible to send students to Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, a STEM magnet school in Alexandria, Virginia.

Loudoun County is home to ten private schools: Loudoun Country Day School, a Pre-K–8 independent school in Leesburg; Notre Dame Academy, an independent non-denominational day high school in Middleburg; Evergreen Christian School, a private high school near Leesburg; the Foxcroft School, a boarding school for girls located in Middleburg; Dominion Academy, a Non-denominational Christian school, K–8 in Leesburg; Loudoun Classical School, a Protestant classical 7th-12th grade school in Purcellville; St. Theresa School, a K–8 Roman Catholic school in Ashburn; Village Montessori School at Bluemont, an accredited Pre-K through Elementary Montessori school in Bluemont; Christian Faith & Fellowship School, a PreK–12 non-denominational Christian school and Loudoun County's only private school accredited by the Association of Christian Schools International; and Loudoun School for Advanced Studies (formerly the Ideal Schools High School,) an independent non-denominational school in Ashburn.

In terms of post-secondary education, Loudoun County is home to a variety of colleges and universities, including: Patrick Henry College, a private Christian college; Northern Virginia Community College in Sterling (branch campus); George Washington University (satellite campus); George Mason University (satellite campus); Marymount University (satellite campus); Shenandoah University (satellite campus); and Strayer University (satellite campus). Loudoun is also home to a satellite campus of the Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine and the Janelia Farm Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

Communities

Towns

• Hamilton
• Hillsboro
• Leesburg (county seat)
• Lovettsville
• Middleburg
• Purcellville
• Round Hill

Census-designated places

• Aldie
• Arcola
• Ashburn
• Belmont
• Brambleton
• Broadlands
• Cascades
• Countryside
• Dulles Town Center
• Goose Creek Village
• Kincora
• Lansdowne
• Loudoun Valley Estates
• Lowes Island
• Moorefield
• Oak Grove
• One Loudoun
• South Riding
• Sterling
• Stone Ridge
• Sugarland Run
• University Center
• Waterford

Other unincorporated communities

• Airmont
• Bloomfield
• Bluemont
• Britain
• Conklin
• Dover
• Dulles
• Elvan
• Eubanks
• Georges Mill
• Gilberts Corner
• Gleedsville
• Howardsville
• Leithtown
• Lenah
• Lincoln
• Loudoun Heights
• Lucketts
• Morrisonville
• Mount Gilead
• Neersville
• Paeonian Springs
• Paxson
• Philomont
• Potomac Falls
• River Creek
• Ryan
• Saint Louis
• Scattersville
• Silcott Spring
• Stewartown
• Stumptown
• Taylorstown
• Telegraph Spring
• Unison
• Watson
• Waxpool
• Wheatland
• Willard
• Willisville
• Woodburn

Population ranking

The population ranking of the following table is based on 2018 estimates by the United States Census Bureau.

† county seat

Notable people

James Monroe constructed and resided at Oak Hill near Aldie after his presidency. American Civil War Brigadier General Robert H. Chilton (Chief of Staff under Robert E. Lee) was a native of Loudoun County. World War II general George C. Marshall resided at Dodona Manor in Leesburg. Essayist and journalist Russell Baker grew up in Morrisonville, Virginia and his book Growing Up highlights his childhood in rural Virginia. Entertainer Arthur Godfrey lived near historic Waterford, Virginia. Loudoun County is also the birthplace of Julia Neale Jackson, mother of Stonewall Jackson, and Susan Catherine Koerner Wright, mother of the Wright Brothers.

• Madeleine Albright (1937–2022) – U.S. Secretary of State in Clinton Administration
• William H. Ash (1859–1908) – Former slave who was one of the first African-American politicians to be elected to the Virginia House of Delegates
• Russell Baker (1925–2019) – Pulitzer Prize-winning author of Growing Up (1983, Autobiography)
• Geraldine Brooks (1955–) – Pulitzer Prize–winning author
• John Champe – Revolutionary War soldier and double agent
• Roger Preston Chew (1843–1921) – Horse artillery commander in the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia, prominent West Virginia businessman, railroad executive and West Virginia legislator
• John L. Dagg (1794–1884) – Baptist theologian, pastor, educator, and president of Mercer University, GA (1844–54)
• Westmoreland Davis (1859–1942) – Governor of Virginia
• Richard Henry Dulany (1820–1906) – Colonel of the 7th Virginia Cavalry during the Civil War
• Michael Farris (1951–) – Founder of the Home School Legal Defense Association and Patrick Henry College in Purcellville; unsuccessful Republican nominee for lieutenant governor of Virginia in 1993
• Joe Gibbs (1940–) – Lived just west of Leesburg while coaching the Washington Redskins
• Arthur Godfrey (1903–1983) – Popular national radio and television personality
• Darrell Green (1960–) – Former Washington Redskin and inductee to the NFL Pro Football Hall of Fame
• Pamela Harriman (1920–1997) – Daughter-in-law of Sir Winston Churchill and U.S. ambassador to France
• Gina Haspel (1956–) – Director of the CIA, first female ever appointed to the position
• Annia Hatch (1978–) – Cuban American 2x Olympic silver medalist in gymnastics, currently lives in Ashburn
• Fred Hetzel (1942–) – Former professional basketball player
• Barbara Holland (1933–2010) – author
• Tony Horwitz (1958–2019) – Pulitzer Prize–winning author
• John Janney (1798–1872) – Member of the Virginia General Assembly and officer of the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861
• Sheila Johnson (1949–) – Entertainment and sports entrepreneur and philanthropist.
• Wilton Lackaye (1862-1932) – American stage and film actor, the original Broadway stage Svengali, 1895
• Lyndon LaRouche (1921–2019) – Controversial American politician, activist, and founder of the LaRouche movement
• Marc Leepson (1945–) – Journalist, historian, author
• Sandra Lerner (c. 1953–) – Entrepreneur and philanthropist
• Mark Levin (1957–) – Author and conservative talk radio host
• George C. Marshall (1880–1959) – General of the Army (5-star), U.S. Secretary of State, Secretary of Defense, and author of the "Marshall Plan"
• Stevens T. Mason (1811–1843) – First governor of Michigan (Democrat, 1837–40)
• Andrew McCabe (1968–) – Former Deputy Director of the FBI
• Charles F. Mercer (1788–1858) – Founded village of Aldie; U.S. Congressman from Virginia
• Billy Mitchell (1879–1936) – Controversial Army officer and military aviation pioneer
• James Monroe (1758–1831) – 5th President of the United States
• Oliver North (1943–) – Former USMC Officer and figure in the Iran–Contra scandal; commentator and host on the Fox network
• Patton Oswalt (1969–) – American stand-up comedian, writer and actor
• Vinton Liddell Pickens (1900–1993) – artist, chair of the first Loudoun County planning commission in 1941
• Wilson Pickett (1941–2006) – R&B and soul singer and songwriter
• Isaiah L. Potts (1784?–after 1843) – tavern keeper of the notorious Potts Tavern who, allegedly, ran a gang of highwaymen and murderers on the Illinois frontier
• Rachel Renee Russell (1959–) – #1 New York Times best-selling author of the children's book series, Dork Diaries
• Henry S. Taylor (1942–) – Pulitzer Prize-winning poet
• Will Toledo (1992–) – lead singer of Car Seat Headrest, musician, songwriter
• Joshua White (1812–1890) – businessman and Illinois state legislator
• Lucien Whiting Powell (1846–1930) – Renowned landscape artist
• William Wilson (1794–1857) – Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Illinois

Sister cities

Loudoun County has eight Sister City/County relationships, and one Friendship City Partnership. Most are also suburbs of their respective capitals.

• Canelones, Uruguay (2023)
• Gangneung, South Korea (Friendship City, 2014)
• Goyang, South Korea (2012)
• Greater Noida, India (2023)
• Holmes County, Mississippi (2019)
• Karsiyaka, Turkey (2013)
• Main-Taunus-Kreis, Germany (2006)
• New Taipei City, Taiwan (2012)
• Tema, Ghana (2023)

Explanatory notes

References

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