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History and functions

The office of the grc is explicitly attested for the first time in circa 762, but traces its origins to the officials supervising the Public Post in Late Antiquity. Until the late 4th century, the administration of the Roman Empire's Public Post was a responsibility of the praetorian prefectures. Due to the abuse of the Post and its privileges by the officials of the praetorian prefecture, in the late 4th century the oversight over the Post passed to the magister officiorum, while the day-to-day administration remained in the hands of the praetorian prefecture. As a result, an official known as the curiosus cursus publici, the inspector of the Public Post, is attested in the late 4th-century Notitia Dignitatum (Pars Orientalis, XI.50) as one of the principal aides of the magister officiorum. The twin administration of the Public Post by the praetorian prefects and the magister officiorum continued into the 6th century, and it was not until that the Public Post is found fully under the supervision of the magister officiorum.

The office of the grc does not appear in the surviving sources until the year 762, but must have come into existence earlier, as the once-wide ranging duties of the magister officiorum were gradually removed and the office itself practically abolished during the course of the 8th century. Among the various functions of the magister officiorum, the grc assumed control not only the Public Post, but also of domestic security and the Empire's foreign affairs, handling collection of intelligence on foreign peoples, correspondence with foreign princes and the reception of ambassadors. Originally the office was simply one of the four senior fiscal ministers or grc, and the Kletorologion of 899 places the grc 35th in the imperial hierarchy, after the grc (33rd) and the grc (34th), but above the grc (40th). It rose quickly in importance, however; according to the French scholar Rodolphe Guilland, the grc came to exercise the functions of a modern interior, security and foreign minister, although his role in foreign affairs remained by far the most important. It is indicative of his pre-eminence that in the Byzantine sources of the 9th–10th centuries, when there is mention of "the grc" without further qualification, it usually refers to the grc.

Consequently, the incumbent of the office often served as the Empire's chief minister, although this ultimately depended on the reigning emperor. The Byzantines never formalized such a position, nor was it attached to a particular office, rather it was granted ad hoc on the basis of each emperor's favour towards a particular courtier, irrespective of rank or office. As Guilland points out, the senior officials of the imperial household—the grc, grc and grc–had far more opportunity to attract imperial favour and consequently were more often chosen to fill the role of chief minister. Notable grc who served as chief ministers include Staurakios under Empress Irene of Athens (), Theoktistos during the regency of Empress Theodora (842–856), Stylianos Zaoutzes in the early reign of Leo VI the Wise (), Leo Phokas the Younger during the rule of his brother Nikephoros II Phokas (), John under Constantine IX Monomachos (), and Nikephoritzes under Michael VII Doukas ().

The 10th-century De Ceremoniis of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus () depicts the administrative and ceremonial roles of the grc: he was received in audience every morning by the Emperor in the Chrysotriklinos, he presented the senior officials at award-giving ceremonies, and had a prominent part in the reception of foreign embassies, as well as the exhibition of captives. After the reforms of Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (), in the grc ceased to exist as a department, but the grc remained, now responsible for official communications and for supervising foreigners resident in Constantinople. At the same time, the grc lost his pre-eminence among the senior ministers to the grc, a post which later evolved to the grc.

Subordinate officials

The subordinates of the grc were:

• The grc (πρωτονοτάριος τοῦ δρόμου), his senior deputy.
• The grc (χαρτουλάριοι τοῦ [ὀξέος] δρόμου), who were clerks with the rank of grc, combining the functions of the Roman curiosi per omnes provincias found in the Notitia Dignitatum and of the officials in charge of the scrinium barbarorum, the 'Bureau of Barbarians'.
• A number of grc (ἐπισκεπτῆται), officials in charge of the various imperial estates (grc).
• Translators (ἑρμηνευταῖ, grc), also attested (as interpretes diversarum gentium) in the Notitia Dignitatum.
• The grc (κουράτωρ του ἀποκρισιαρείου), in charge of the grc, a building in Constantinople that housed foreign envoys.
• Various inspectors, the grc (διατρέχοντες, the old Roman cursores) and messengers (μανδάτορες, grc).

References

Sources