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List of stock market crashes and bear markets

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This is a list of stock market crashes and bear markets. The difference between the two relies on speed (how fast declines occur) and length (how long they last). Stock market crashes are quick and brief, while bear markets are slow and prolonged. Those two do not always happen within the same decline.

Table

NameDateCountryNotesRef
Tulip mania Bubble{{dtsformat=dmy1637}}Dutch RepublicA bubble (1633–37) in the Dutch Republic during which contracts for bulbs of tulips reached extraordinarily high prices, and suddenly collapsed.
The Mississippi Bubble{{dtsformat=dmy1720}}Kingdom of FranceBanque Royale by John Law stopped payments of its note in exchange for specie and as result caused economic collapse in France.
South Sea Bubble of 1720{{dtsformat=dmy1720}}UKAffected early European stock markets, during early days of chartered joint stock companies.
The Dutch Bubble of 1720{{dtsformat=dmy1720}}Dutch RepublicA speculative mania in the Dutch Republic fueled by an influx of foreign capital, the rapid creation of new joint-stock companies, and extensive Windhandel—unregulated options and forward contracts.
Bengal Bubble of 1769{{dtsformat=dmy1769}}UKPrimarily caused by the British East India Company, whose shares fell from £276 in December 1768 to £122 in 1784.
Crisis of 1772{{dtsformat=dmy1772}}UK
USA
Financial Crisis of 1791–92{{dtsformat=dmy1791}}USAShares of First bank of US boom and bust in Aug and Sept 1791. Groundwork of Alexander Hamilton's cooperation with the Bank of New York to end this event would be crucial in ending the Panic of 1792 next year.
Panic of 1796–1797{{dtsformat=dmy1796}}UK
USAA series of downturns in Atlantic credit markets led to broader commercial downturns in Great Britain and the United States.
Panic of 1819{{dtsformat=dmy1819}}USA
Panic of 1825{{dtsformat=dmy1825}}UK
Panic of 1837USA
Panic of 1847{{dtsformat=dmy1847}}UK
Panic of 1857{{dtsformat=dmy1857}}USA
Panic of 1866{{dtsformat=dmy1866}}UK
Black FridayUSA
Panic of 1873Initiated the Long Depression in the United States and much of Europe.
Paris Bourse crash of 1882France
Panic of 1884{{dtsformat=dmy1884}}
Encilhamento{{dtsformat=dmy1890}}BrazilLasting 3 years, 1890–1893, a boom and bust process that boomed in late 1880s and burst on early 1890s, causing a collapse in the Brazilian economy and aggravating an already unstable political situation.
Panic of 1893{{dtsformat=dmy1893}}USA
Panic of 1896{{dtsformat=dmy1896}}USA
Panic of 1901{{dtsformat=dmy1901May17}}USALasting 3 years, the market was spooked by the assassination of President William McKinley in 1901, coupled with a severe drought later the same year.
Panic of 1907USALasting over a year, markets took fright after U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt had threatened to rein in the monopolies that flourished in various industrial sectors, notably railways.
Wall Street crash of 1929–USALasting over 4 years, the bursting of the speculative bubble in shares led to further selling as people who had borrowed money to buy shares had to cash them in, when their loans were called in. Also called the Great Crash or the Wall Street Crash, leading to the Great Depression.
Recession of 1937–1938{{dtsformat=dmy1937}}USALasting around a year, this share price fall was triggered by an economic recession within the Great Depression and doubts about the effectiveness of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policy.
Kennedy Slide of 1962USAAlso known as the 'Flash Crash of 1962'.
Bear Market of 1970{{dtsformat=dmy1968Nov}}USAOver 20 months, rising inflation along with rising interest rates combined with the ongoing Vietnam War caused the S&P 500 to decline by 36.1% coinciding with the Cambodia campaign.
Brazilian Markets Crash of 1971BrazilLasting through the 1970s and early-1980s, this was the end of a boom that started in 1969, compounded by the 1970s energy crisis coupled with early 1980s Latin American debt crisis.
1973–1974 stock market crashUK/WorldwideLasting 23 months, dramatic rise in oil prices, the miners' strike and the downfall of the Heath government.title=Stock Market Historical Tables: Bull & Bear Marketsurl=https://yardeni.com/wp-content/uploads/BullBearTables.pdfdate=January 21, 2024website=Yardeni Research}}
Early 1980s recession{{dtsformat=dmy1980Nov}}USA/WorldwideOver 21 months, rising interest rates to tame double-digit inflation caused the S&P 500 to decline by 27.1%.
Souk Al-Manakh stock market crash{{dtsformat=dmy1982Aug}}Kuwait
Black MondayUSA
NZInfamous stock market crash that represented the greatest one-day percentage decline in U.S. stock market history, culminating in a bear market after a more than 20% plunge in the S&P 500 and Dow Jones Industrial Average. Among the primary causes of the chaos were program trading and illiquidity, both of which fueled the vicious decline for the day as stocks continued lower even as volume grew lighter. Today, circuit breakers are in place to prevent a repeat of Black Monday. After a 7% drop, trading would be suspended for 15 minutes, with the same 15 minute suspension kicking in after a 13% drop. However, in the event of a 20% drop, trading would be shut down for the remainder of the day.
Rio de Janeiro Stock Exchange CrashBrazilRio de Janeiro Stock Exchange Crash, due to its weak internal controls and absence of credit discipline, that led to its collapse, and from which it never recovered.
Friday the 13th mini-crashUSAFailed leveraged buyout of United Airlines causes crash.
Early 1990s recessionUSAIraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, causing oil prices to increase. The Dow Jones Industrial Average dropped 18% in three months, from 2,911.63 on 3 July to 2,381.99 on 16 October 1990. This recession lasted approximately 8 months.
Japanese asset price bubble{{dtsformat=dmy1991}}JapanLasting approximately twenty years, through at least the end of 2011, share and property price bubble bursts and turns into a long deflationary recession. Some of the key economic events during the collapse of the Japanese asset price bubble include the 1997 Asian financial crisis and the dot-com bubble. In addition, more recent economic events, such as the 2008 financial crisis and August 2011 stock markets fall have prolonged this period.
Black WednesdayUKThe Conservative government was forced to withdraw the pound sterling from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) after they were unable to keep sterling above its agreed lower limit.
1997 Asian financial crisisThailand
Hong Kong
Philippines
South Korea
IndonesiaInvestors deserted emerging Asian shares, including an overheated Hong Kong stock market. Crashes occur in Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, and elsewhere, reaching a climax in the October 27, 1997 mini-crash.
October 27, 1997, mini-crashGlobal stock market crash that was caused by the 1997 Asian financial crisis.
1998 Russian financial crisisRussiaThe Russian government devalues the ruble, defaults on domestic debt, and declares a moratorium on payment to foreign creditors.
Dot-com bubbleUSACollapse of a technology bubble.
Economic effects of the September 11 attacksThe September 11 attacks caused global stock markets to drop sharply. The attacks themselves caused approximately $40 billion in insurance losses, making it one of the largest insured events ever.
Stock market downturn of 2002Downturn in stock prices during 2002 in stock exchanges across the United States, Canada, Asia, and Europe. After recovering from lows reached following the September 11 attacks, indices slid steadily starting in March 2002, with dramatic declines in July and September leading to lows last reached in 1997 and 1998. See stock market downturn of 2002.
Chinese stock bubble of 2007ChinaThe SSE Composite Index of the Shanghai Stock Exchange tumbles 9% from unexpected selloffs, the largest drop in 10 years, triggering major drops in worldwide stock markets.
2008 financial crisis/
USA/Beginning in late 2007, fears about growing debt, the growing housing bubble, and general economic weakness kicked off a selling spree in markets. This accelerated on September 16, 2008, due to U.S. financial institutions failing because of the collapse of subprime loans and credit default swap securities. This rapidly devolved into a global crisis resulting in a number of bank failures in Europe and sharp reductions in the value of equities (stock) and commodities worldwide. The failure of banks in Iceland resulted in a devaluation of the Icelandic króna and threatened the government with bankruptcy. Iceland was able to secure an emergency loan from the IMF in November. Later on, U.S. President George W. Bush signs the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act into law, creating a Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) to purchase failing bank assets. Had disastrous effects on the world economy along with world trade.
2009 Dubai debt standstillUAEDubai requested a debt deferment following its massive renovation and development projects, as well as the Great Recession. The announcement caused global stock markets to drop.
Euro area crisisEuropeStandard & Poor's downgraded Greece's sovereign credit rating to junk four days after the activation of a €45-billion EU–IMF bailout, triggering the decline of stock markets worldwide and of the Euro's value, and furthering the Euro area crisis.
2010 flash crashUSAThe Dow Jones Industrial Average suffered its worst intra-day point loss, dropping nearly 1,000 points before partially recovering.
August 2011 stock markets fallUSAS&P 500 entered a short-lived bear market between 2 May 2011 (intraday high: 1,370.58) and 4 October 2011 (intraday low: 1,074.77), a decline of 21.58%. The stock market rebounded thereafter and ended the year flat.
2015–16 Chinese stock market crashChinaThe Chinese stock market crashed in June and continued falling in July and August. In January 2016, the market also experienced a steep sell-off which set off a global rout.
2015–2016 stock market selloffUSAThe Dow Jones fell 588 points during a two-day period, 1,300 points from 18 to 21 August. On Monday, 24 August, world stock markets were down substantially, wiping out all gains made in 2015, with interlinked drops in commodities such as oil, which hit a six-year price low, copper, and most Asian currencies – with exception of the Japanese yen – losing value against the United States dollar. With this plunge, an estimated ten trillion dollars had been wiped off the books on global markets since 3 June.url=http://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-0822-financial-markets-20150821-story.htmltitle=Stock market suffers worst one-day drop since 2008work=Los Angeles Timesaccess-date=24 August 2015date=21 August 2015author1=Shan Liauthor2=Andrea Changauthor3=Paresh Dave}}
2018 cryptocurrency crashThe S&P 500 index peaked at 2,930 on its 20 September close and dropped 19.73% to 2,351 by Christmas Eve. Bitcoin price peaked on 17 Dec '17, then fell 45% on 22 Dec '17. The DJIA falls 18.78% during roughly the same period. Shanghai Composite dropped to a four-year low, escalating their economic downturn since the 2015 recession.{{cite newsurl=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/20/business/china-economy-gdp-fourth-quarter.htmltitle=China's Economy, by the Numbers, Is Worse Than It Lookswork=The New York Timesaccess-date=20 January 2019first1=Keithlast1=Bradsherdate=20 January 2019
2020 stock market crashWorldwideThe S&P 500 index dropped 34%, 1145 points, at its peak of 3386 on 19 February to 2237 on 23 March. This crash was part of a worldwide recession caused by the COVID-19 lockdowns.
2022 stock market declineWorldwideThe S&P 500 index peaked at 4,796 on its 3 January close and dropped 27.55% to 3,498 by October 2022. The DJIA fell 18.78% since its 4 January high. Nasdaq Composite fell 36.40% from its 19 November high.{{cite newsurl=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/13/1104552530/stocks-sink-s-p-500-bear-markettitle=Stocks sink, sending the S&P 500 to a bear marketwork=National Public Radioaccess-date=14 June 2022first1=Davidlast1=Guradate=13 June 2022
2022 Russian stock market crashRussiaAs a reaction to the upcoming Russian invasion in Ukraine, the MOEX Index fell 43.58% in four trading days. In response, the markets were closed for a month by the Central Bank of Russia to prevent even deeper decline. After re-opening on 24 March, the index partially recovered but was still down roughly 40% compared to before the invasion.
2024 China stock market crashChinaThe Shanghai Composite Index plummeted from a high of 3703 in September 2021 to 2730 on 2 February 2024, marking a 26.3% decline ahead of the Chinese New Year, prompted by sluggish economic recovery from COVID-19 and downturns in real estate. The government swiftly intervened in the stock market following the crash by prohibiting short selling and reshuffling government officials.
2024 Tokyo stock market crashJapanA combination of rising interest rates and a strengthening yen had contributed to a recent unwinding of yen carry trades. Weaker than expected US economic figures (released after Japanese markets had closed for the weekend) led to a global selloff. Upon reopening, the Nikkei 225 recorded a single-day loss of 12.4%, its worst performance since Black Tuesday in October 1987.
2025 stock market crashUSA/On April 2, 2025, President Donald Trump announced large tariffs on all US imports. On April 4, China retaliated with a 34% tariff on all American imports. By the close of trade of April 4, the Dow Jones had lost over 9%, with the S&P 500 entering a bear market and losing 10%, and the Nasdaq Composite entering a bear market and losing 11%. At the lowest point on the following Monday, April 7, the S&P 500 was down 23% from its recent all-time high in February 2025.

References

References

  1. Dash, Mike. (2001). "Tulipomania: The Story of the World's Most Coveted Flower & the Extraordinary Passions It Aroused". Three Rivers Press.
  2. (21 December 2012). "New evidence on the first financial bubble". Journal of Financial Economics.
  3. Henderson, James D.. (2000). "A Reference Guide to Latin American History". M.E.Sharpe Inc..
  4. Needell, Jeffrey D.. (1987). "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century". Cambridge University Press.
  5. Triner, Gail D.. (2000). "Banking and economic development: Brazil, 1889–1930". Palgrave.
  6. [[Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay, Viscount of Taunay. Viscount of Taunay]]; "O Encilhamento; scenas contemporaneas da Bolsa do Rio de Janeiro em 1890, 1891 e 1892" {{in lang. pt ("The Encilhamento: contemporary scenes of Rio Stock Exchange in 1890, 1891 & 1892") Editora Melhoramentos, Rio 1893
  7. [https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748703957604575272791511469272 "Back to the Future: Lessons From the Forgotten 'Flash Crash' of 1962"]
  8. (January 21, 2024). "Stock Market Historical Tables: Bull & Bear Markets".
  9. [[Gary Previts]], Peter Walton & Peter Wolnizer "A Global History of Accounting, Financial Reporting And Public Policy; Americas – Volume 14B" [[University of Sydney. The University of Sydney]]/The Accounting Foundation, Emerald Group Publishing Limited 2011 {{ISBN. 978-0-85724-811-4 Page 41, from the last paragraph
  10. Detailed [http://www.scielosp.org/pdf/ee/v38n1/07.pdf PDF] {{webarchive. link. (2012-12-03 Academic work about the subject {{in lang). pt [[Universidade Estadual de Campinas. UNICAMP]] June 2007
  11. Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; "Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil" ("Histories of Financial Markets in Brazil") {{in lang. pt Campus Elsevier Brazil 2011 {{ISBN. 85-352-3994-4 Introduction and Chapter 4
  12. Markham, Jeffrey W. "A Financial History of the United States; Volume III (1970–2001)" M.E.Sharpe 2002 {{ISBN. 0-7656-0730-1 page 147, from last paragraph
  13. [http://www.capital-flow-analysis.com/investment-tutorial/case_1l.html Article] {{webarchive. link. (2013-10-21 about the decline of Rio Stock Exchange. Last 3 paragraphs are about the 1989 crash)
  14. Barcellos & Azevedo 2011, Pages 141–142; 149 to 151, and 154
  15. Chen, Shu-Ching Jean. (27 February 2007). "Black Tuesday in China". Forbes.
  16. (27 February 2007). "Share sale knocks Chinese market". BBC News.
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  20. (20 November 2008). "IMF approves $2.1bn Iceland loan". BBC News.
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  23. (2010-04-27). "Greek bonds rated 'junk' by Standard & Poor's". BBC News.
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  36. (21 August 2015). "Stock market suffers worst one-day drop since 2008". Los Angeles Times.
  37. (24 August 2015). "DJI Interactive Stock Quote". Yahoo Finance.
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  41. (2020-03-12). "Coronavirus creates a true 'bear market' for Wall Street".
  42. (2020-03-11). "Bear Market Becomes Official with 1,400-Point Drop amid Coronavirus Fears".
  43. (2022-06-13). "The S&P 500 is now in an official bear market, according to S&P Dow Jones Indices". [[CNBC]].
  44. Mark Thompson and Chris Liakos. (24 February 2022). "Russian stocks crash 33% and ruble plunges to record low".
  45. Economists. (2 February 2024). "China’s stockmarket nightmare is nowhere near over The situation ought to worry Xi Jinping".
  46. "Global stock rout intensifies with Japan’s Nikkei and other Asian markets plunging".
  47. (2025-03-26). "Trump's tariffs have launched global trade wars. Here's a timeline of how we got here".
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