List of Roman consuls

Background

Republican consuls

From the establishment of the Republic to the time of Augustus, the consuls were the chief magistrates of the Roman state. Traditionally, two were simultaneously appointed for a year-long term, so that the executive power of the state was not vested in a single individual, as it had been under the kings. As other ancient societies dated historical events according to the reigns of their kings, it became customary at Rome to date events by the names of the consuls in office when the events occurred, rather than (for instance) by counting the number of years since the foundation of the city, although that method could also be used. If a consul died during his year of office, another was elected to replace him. Although his imperium was the same as his predecessor's, he was termed consul suffectus, in order to distinguish him from the consul ordinarius whom he replaced; but the eponymous magistrates for each year were normally the consules ordinarii.

Because of this method of dating events, it was important to keep records of each year's eponymous magistrates. Many such lists have survived, either in the form of monumental inscriptions, conventionally referred to as fasti, or indirectly through the ancient historians, who had access to linen rolls recording the names of magistrates. Although these lists account for the entire period of the Republic, and most of Imperial times, there are discrepancies due to gaps and disagreements between different sources. Many of these no doubt arose as copying errors, especially those that involved the substitution of a familiar name for a less common one. Others may represent later attempts to edit the lists in order to explain deficiencies in the record, to reconcile conflicting traditions, or to ascribe particular actions or events to the time of a particular individual.

Other magistrates included

Occasionally, the authority of the consuls was temporarily superseded by the appointment of a dictator, who held greater imperium than that of the consuls. By tradition, these dictators laid down their office upon the completion of the task for which they were nominated, or after a maximum period of six months, and did not continue in office longer than the year for which the nominating consul had been elected. However, in four years at the end of the fourth century BC, dictators are said to have continued in office in the year following their nomination, in place of consuls. Modern scholars are skeptical of these years, which might be due to later editing of the lists of magistrates in order to fill a gap. All known dictators have been included in this table.

Two other types of magistrates are listed during the period of the Republic. In the year 451 BC, a board of ten men, known as decemviri, or decemvirs, was appointed in place of the consuls in order to draw up the tables of Roman law, in a sense establishing the Roman constitution. According to tradition, a second college of decemvirs was appointed for the next year, and these continued in office illegally into 449, until they were overthrown in a popular revolt, and the consulship was reinstated.

Among the disputes which the decemvirs failed to resolve was the relationship between the patricians, Rome's hereditary aristocracy, and the plebeians, or common citizens. Although it has been argued that some of the consuls prior to the Decemvirate may have been plebeians, the office was definitely closed to them in the second half of the fifth century BC. To prevent open hostility between the two orders, the office of military tribune with consular power, or "consular tribune", was established. In place of patrician consuls, the people could elect a number of military tribunes, who might be either patrician or plebeian.

According to Livy, this compromise held until 376 BC, when two of the tribunes of the plebs, Gaius Licinius Calvus Stolo and Lucius Sextius Lateranus, blocked the election of any magistrates for the following year, unless the senate would agree to place a law before the people opening the consulship to the plebeians, and effecting other important reforms. The senate refused, and the tribunes continued to prevent the election of magistrates for several years until the senate capitulated, and the lex Licinia Sextia was passed, leading to the election of the first plebeian consul in 367. Other accounts of this event are inconsistent, and current scholarly opinion is that the duration of the period without magistrates may have been exaggerated, or even invented to fill a gap in the record; nevertheless Roman tradition unanimously holds that Licinius and Sextius were able to open the consulship to the plebeians.

The consulship in imperial times

In Imperial times the consulship became the senior administrative office under the emperors, who frequently assumed the title of consul themselves, and appointed other consuls at will. The consulship was often bestowed as a political favour, or a reward for faithful service. Because there could only be two consuls at once, the emperors frequently appointed several sets of suffecti sequentially in the course of a year; holding the consulship for an entire year became a special honour. As the office lost much of its executive authority, and the number of consuls appointed for short and often irregular periods increased, surviving lists from Imperial times are often incomplete, and have been reconstructed from many sources, not always with much certainty. In many cases it is stated that a particular person had been consul, but the exact time cannot be firmly established.

As an institution, the consulship survived the abdication of the last emperor of the West, and for a time consuls continued to be appointed, one representing the Eastern Roman Empire, and the other the Western, even as the Western Empire dissolved as a political entity. The last consuls appointed represented only the Eastern Empire, until finally the title became the sole province of the Emperor, who might or might not assume it upon taking office.

Chronology

For the early Republic, this article observes the Varronian chronology, established by the historian Marcus Terentius Varro, who calculated that Rome was founded in what is now called the year 753 BC (the founding of the city was traditionally observed on the Palilia, a festival occurring on April 21). This becomes the year 1 ab urbe condita, or AUC. The Republic was established in . Although other ancient historians gave different years and modern scholarship knows Varro to have been mistaken in his calculations by at least a few years, Varro's chronology was the most widely accepted in antiquity, in official use for various purposes by at least the reign of Claudius. Its use by Censorinus brought it to the attention of Joseph Scaliger, who helped popularize it in modern times.

For Imperial times, the dates of the consules ordinarii are far more certain than those of the suffecti, who were not recorded with the same attention as the eponymous magistrates. Their identification and dating is far more controversial, and despite the efforts of generations of scholars, gaps in coverage remain. Known consules suffecti are shown with their known (or reconstructed) dates of tenure, which normally varied from two to six months — although one suffect consul, Rosius Regulus, is known to have held the fasces for a single day, October 31, AD 69. Where neither consul is known or inferred for a portion of the year, their names are omitted for convenience; if one consul can be named, but his colleague is unknown, the unnamed colleague is listed as ignotus (unknown).

chief

''Consules prior'' and ''posterior''

The consul named first in the lists was identified as consul prior, whereas the other was called consul posterior. The two consuls' authority was equal and their duties were shared on an alternating basis. There is evidence that, during the late Republic, the consul elected with the most votes became the consul prior, and the consul elected first also may have been the first in the year to hold fasces (take precedence), but the evidence is not conclusive. The surviving sources for the order of the consuls in the early Republic show some measure of conflict in just under half of the cases. Lily Ross Taylor argues that the emperor Augustus falsified some of the records in order to give prominence to several families, and that the order of consuls as reported by the historian Livy is the most reliable. Drummond disagrees: he argues that Livy himself switches the correct order at times for literary purposes, and that discrepant entries in the sources are most likely simply the result of negligence. Although there is probably one 'correct' order for all the consuls of the republic, or at least one underlying tradition reporting it, no surviving source seems to be more reliable than another to a significant extent.

When the emperor assumed the consulship, he was necessarily consul prior. This distinction continued until the fourth century AD, when the Empire was divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire: the consuls who were appointed by the court in the Western Empire, which was sometimes at Rome, are commonly identified as the "Western consul", and those appointed by the court in the Eastern, usually Constantinople, the "Eastern consul". These designations were used until the end of the consulship in the sixth century.

Other lists of consuls

For a list of consuls whose year of office is uncertain or entirely unknown (usually suffecti, although some of the ordinarii in the breakaway Gallic Empire also lack dates), see the List of undated Roman consuls. For those individuals who were elected consul but never assumed the office due to death, disgrace, or any other reason, see List of Roman consuls designate.

Key

Latin terms

• Imperator (abbreviated Imp.) = literally "commander"; originally an honorary title bestowed upon a general by his soldiers, the term later became part of the style of the emperors, and the word "emperor" is derived from it.
• suffectus (abbreviated suff.) = a substitute elected or appointed in place of a magistrate who died or resigned. Information is not available for all consules suffecti, and some may not be listed.
• ignotus = unknown. All consuls who can be assigned to a particular date, at least tentatively, are included in this table. If neither consul for a given period is known, they are entirely omitted; if one is known, and the other is not, the unknown colleague is referred to as ignotus.
• sine collega = without colleague. On a few occasions before the dissolution of the Western Empire, only one consul was appointed.
• post consulatum = after the (preceding) consulship. Used for gaps when no consuls were appointed for a period following the end of another consulship, or at least none are known to have been appointed.
• inter alios = among others.

[[Praenomina]] and their abbreviations

• A. = Aulus
• Agrippa (not abbreviated)
• Ap. = Appius
• C. = Gaius
• Cn. = Gnaeus
• D. = Decimus
• K. = Caeso
• L. = Lucius
• M. = Marcus
• M'. = Manius
• Mam. = Mamercus
• N. = Numerius
• Opet. = Opiter
• P. = Publius
• Postumus (not abbreviated)
• Proculus (not abbreviated)
• Q. = Quintus
• Ser. = Servius
• Sex. = Sextus
• Sp. = Spurius
• T. = Titus
• Ti. = Tiberius
• Vopiscus (not abbreviated)

Colors

• Consular tribunes
• Decemviri
• Dictators
• Emperor serving as consul
• Heir-apparent serving as consul

Sixth century BC (509–501)

Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls between 509 and 31 BC are taken from Thomas Broughton's Magistrates of the Roman Republic.

Fifth century BC (500–401)

Fourth century BC (400–301)

300BC

Third century BC (300–201)

Second century BC (200–101)

First century BC (100–1)

First century (1–100)

Second century (101–200)

Third century (201–300)

Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates of the consuls after 284 are taken from Roger S. Bagnall's Consuls of the Later Roman Empire. See also the list of consuls in the Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire.

Fourth century (301–395)

Until the fall of the Western Empire (396–480)

In 395, the Roman Empire was permanently divided into a Western Roman Empire and an Eastern Roman Empire. The separate courts often appointed a consul each, which sometimes led to one consul not being recognized by the other. The order of the names also varied at times depending on the sources, with the western consul appearing as the consul prior in western sources while being listed as the consul posterior in eastern sources, and viceversa. Western consuls continued to be appointed after the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476.

After the fall of the Western Empire (481–541)

Roman consuls of the East alone (541–887)

During the reign of Justinian I (527–565), the position of consul altered in two significant ways. From 535, there was no longer a Roman consul chosen in the West. In 541, the separate office of Roman consul was abolished. When used thereafter, the office was used as part of the imperial title. The office was finally abolished as part of the Basilika reforms of Leo VI the Wise in 887. The late antique practice of granting honorary consulships eventually evolved into the Byzantine court dignity of hypatos (the Greek translation of the Latin consul), which survived until the 12th century.

• 566:
• 568:
• 579:
• 584:
• 602:
• 603:
• 608: Heraclius & Heraclius
• 611:
• 632:
• 639: A.A. Chekalova. At the origins of the Byzantine statehood: the senate and senatorial aristocracy of Constantinople. Moscow, 2007
• 642:
• 668:
• 686:
• 699:
• 711:
• 714:
• 716:
• 718:
• 742:
• 742:
• 776:
• 780:
• 803:
• 812:
• 814:
• 821:
• 830:
• 843:
• 867:
• 887:

Endnotes

Main bibliography

• • Appendix: Fasti Consulares (260-400), Vol. 1, pp. 1041–1045.
  • Appendix: Fasti Consulares (395-527), Vol. 2, pp. 1242–1245.
  • Appendix: Fasti Consulares (527-541), Vol. 3, p. 1457.

Secondary bibliography

Primary sources

• List of Roman consuls (483 BC to AD 13) of the Fasti Capitolini
• List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 354) in the Chronograph of 354
• List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 468) in the Fasti of Hydatius
• List of Roman consuls (509 BC to AD 519) in the Chronicle of Cassiodorus, after Victorius and Prosper.
• List of Roman consuls (AD 222 to AD 630) in the Fasti Heracliani of Stephanus of Alexandria.

References

1. {{harvnb. Peck. 1898
2. {{harvnb. Smith. 1859
3. {{harvnb. Peck. 1898
4. [[Livy]], ''History of Rome'', iii. 32 ''ff''.
5. {{harvnb. Peck. 1898
6. {{harvnb. Peck. 1898
7. [[Livy]], ''History of Rome'', vi. 42, vii. 1.
8. Lendering, Jona. (2020). "''Official site''". Livius.
9. However, the [[Fasti Capitolini]], generally dated to the reign of [[Augustus]], use the era of [[Cato the Elder. Cato]], which placed the founding of Rome in 752 BC, one year later than the chronology of Varro. Sandys, ''Latin Epigraphy'', p. 170.
10. Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/639075 "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others"], ''Classical Quarterly'', N.S. '''35''' (1985), p. 454–465
11. Lendering, Jona. (2008). "Varronian Chronology". Livius.Org.
12. [[Tacitus]], ''Historiae'', 3.37
13. The ''fasti'' for the Gallic consuls under Postumus are incomplete, with the names of some ordinary consuls known, but not the year they served — see {{harvnb. PLRE
14. [[Livy]] ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2#8. 2.8]].5) and [[Dionysius of Halicarnassus]] (iv.1.2, iv.12.3, iv.19.2) assign 5 consuls to the first year of the Republic, an amount not repeated for a single year until imperial times. [[Polybius]] ([[s:The Histories (Paton translation)/Book III#22. 3.22.1]]), probably following an older and more reliable tradition, names only Brutus and Horatius. {{harvnb. Beloch. 1926. Ogilvie. 1965
15. These consuls are omitted by Livy, perhaps due to confusion with the consuls of 506 BC. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
16. Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2#15. 2.15.1]]), against other sources, names P. Lucretius and P. Valerius Poplicola III. P. Lucretius may have been corrupted from Larcius, or perhaps inserted due to confusion with T. Lucretius, Poplicola's colleague in 508 and 504 BC. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
17. The consuls of 490 and 489 BC are omitted by Livy.
18. The consuls of 482 BC are omitted by Diodorus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/11C*.html 11. 41, 48]).
19. The consuls probably entered office on 1 August, which was the official entry date until the Decemvirate was established in 451. From 509 to 479 BC, the date was probably 1 September. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
20. His name is garbled in the sources, with variations such as C. Sergius (Dionysius [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/9A*.html#16 9.16.1]) and C. Cornelius Lentulus (Diodorus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/11C*.html#52 11.52.1]). {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ridley. 1980
21. Only known from the ''[[Fasti Capitolini]]''. The missing name may be Opiter Verginius, which Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2#54. 2.54]].3) gives for L. Aemilius's colleague in 473 BC, or perhaps C. Sergius. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
22. Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 2#54. 2.54]].3) suggests [[Opiter Verginius Tricostus Esquilinus (consul 478 BC). Opiter Verginius]] as an alternative to Vopiscus Julius, but this may be a confusion with the year 478, when the other consul was also L. Aemilius. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
23. The stone inscription of the ''[[Fasti Capitolini]]'' has for this year Carve[ntanus] or Carve[tus], a rare name attested for no other consul in history. Two late Roman records have (Sempronius) Atratinus. The literary sources omit him and show his substitute, [[Lucius Minucius Esquilinus Augurinus. L. Minucius]], holding office for the entire year. See the discussion in {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965. Ridley. 1980
24. Diodorus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/12A*.html#3 12.3.1]) inserts a new pair of consuls, [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus. L. Quinctius Cincinnatus]] and M. Fabius Vibulanus, between the colleges of 457 and 456.
25. Only mentioned by Dionysius ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/10D*.html#53 10.53.3]). {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ridley. 1980
26. Ancient sources disagree on whether Claudius and Genucius became decemvirs while consuls-elect or if they assumed the consulship and abdicated. {{harvnb. Ridley. 1980
27. The consuls probably entered office on 13 December. This was the official date until 402. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
28. These consuls were said to be absent from the annals, but named in the [[libri lintei. linen rolls]] and in a treaty with [[Ardea, Lazio. Ardea]]. In another tradition, they became Rome's first pair of [[Roman censor. censors]] the following year. Authorities have variously eliminated either the consuls or the consular tribunes, attempted to fit both into 444 BC, or assigned the colleges to consecutive years. {{harvnb. Frier. 1975
29. Diodorus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/12B*.html#38 12.38.1]) calls him [[Gaius Julius Iulus (consul 447 BC). Gaius]], but {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965. 4.16]].8). {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
30. Another tradition omits Cornelius and has Manlius and Sulpicius holding office as consuls. On the other hand, [[Licinius Macer]] (Livy [[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 4#23. 4.23.1–3]]) states that the consuls of 435, Julius and Verginius, continued in office this year. Of the three possibilities, the latter is held to be the least likely. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965
31. Diodorus Siculus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/12D*.html#77 12.77.1]) inserts the pair [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (consular tribune). L. Quinctius (Cincinnatus?)]] and [[Aulus Sempronius Atratinus (consular tribune 425 BC). A. Sempronius (Atratinus?)]] between the consuls of 428 and 427 BC, perhaps misplacing them from the college of 425. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
32. Authenticity doubted. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
33. [[Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (consular tribune). L. Quinctius Cincinnatus]] III (Livy [[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 4#44. 4.44.1]]) or [[Titus Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus. T. Quinctius Poenus Cincinnatus]] II. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
34. Possibly identical with [[Quintus Fabius Vibulanus (consul 423 BC). Q. Fabius Vibulanus]], consul in 423. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965
35. Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 4#52. 4.52]].4) has here Papirius Atratinus, following [[Licinius Macer]] who attributed this reading to the [[libri lintei. linen rolls]]. Other sources show it was [[Marcus Papirius Mugillanus. Papirius Mugillanus]]. The surname Atratinus was only used by the Sempronii, and so the college of 411 may have been three consular tribunes, Papirius, Sempronius and Nautius. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
36. Livy (4.61.4) instead has ''Gaius'' Fabius Ambustus, and treats him as a different person than the tribune of 401, 395 and 390 BC. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965
37. Entered office on 1 October after the preceding college resigned. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965
38. Entered office on 1 July. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951. Ogilvie. 1965
39. Livy (5.32.1) calls him M. Aemilius Mamercinus, indicating he is a different person than the four-time consular tribune of 389 BC forward.
40. {{harvnb. Drummond. 1980
41. Diodorus Siculus (XV.24.1) states that there were six consular tribunes this year, but Livy only lists five; [[Attilio Degrassi]] suggests either L. Cornelius or A. Manlius for the sixth member of this college; Broughton, based on the evidence of the ''Fasti Capitolini'', suggests [[Aulus Manlius Capitolinus. A. Manlius Capitolinus]]. {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
42. Gaius in Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 6#18. 6.18.1]]), Lucius in Diodorus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/15B*.html#36 15.36.1]). {{harvnb. Drummond. 1980
43. These are the nine consular tribunes the ''Fasti Capitolini'' lists for this year. Livy names only six (omitting C. Sulpicius Peticus, L. Aemilius Mamercinus, and Ti. Papirius Crassus), and Diodorus Siculus eight (omitting L. Papirius Mugillanus). Broughton notes, "Clearly ''Fast. Cap.'' has the most seriously interpolated tradition."{{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
44. These two consular tribunes are only known from Diodorus Siculus (XV.51.1). Broughton suggests "Erenucius" may be a corruption of "Genucius" or "Minucius". {{harvnb. Broughton. 1951
45. These two consular tribunes are only known from Livy (6.31.1)
46. Modern scholarly consensus is that the ''fasti'' for the fourth century was discovered to be missing several sets of eponymous magistrates, and explained this gap by stating elections were blocked by these two tribunes. See the discussions of T.J. Cornell, ''The Beginnings of Rome'' (London: Routeledge, 1995), pp. 399–402; and Forsythe, ''Critical History of Early Rome'', pp. 368–370
47. The ''Fasti Capitolini'' states C. Licinius Calvus was consul in 364 BC and C. Lincinius Stolo in 361 BC, but Livy reverses these two.
48. Livy ([[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 7#18. 7.18]].10) notes that in some sources [[Marcus Popillius Laenas (consul 359 BC). M. Popillius Laenas]] III appears instead of Quinctius, though this is probably a confusion with the year 356 BC, when M. Fabius Ambustus was also consul. {{harvnb. Drummond. 1980
49. Diodorus ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/16C*.html#59 16.59]) reports instead this year's consuls were M. Aemilius and T. Quinctius (Poenus Capitolinus III?). {{harvnb. Drummond. 1989
50. The "dictator years" (333, 324, 309 and 301 BC) were fabricated to lengthen the documented interval to earlier historical events, in order to account for deficiencies and gaps in Roman chronology. The dictator years did not exist in Roman history: the conventional year 334 BC was followed by the year 332, and so on. {{harvnb. Cornell. 1995
51. The sources are conflicted: {{bulleted list. P. (''or'' C.) Plautius Proculus (Livy [[s:From the Founding of the City/Book 8#. 8.22]]). [[Gaius Plautius Decianus. C. Plautius Decianus]] II (''[[Chronograph of 354]]''). Plautius Venox II ([[Hydatius]]). A. Postumius (Diodorus [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/17E*.html#87 17.87])
52. Livy ([[wikisource:From the Founding of the City/Book 9. 9.44]]) notes that the consuls of 307 and 306 BC were skipped in [[Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi (historian). Calpurnius Piso]]'s history.
53. Entered office on 15 March. {{harvnb. Ogilvie. 1965
54. Entered office on 1 January. R.M. Ogilvie, ''A Commentary on Livy Books 1–5'', p. 405.
55. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 99 to 31 BC are taken from {{harvnb. Broughton. 1952.
56. Either Thermus's election was invalidated or he is identical to Figulus, having changed his name by adoption. E.W. Gray, "The Consular Elections held in 65 B.C.", ''[[Antichthon]]'' 13 (1979), pp. 56–65, {{doi. 10.1017/S0066477400002665.
57. Umberto Soldovieri, ''Un inedito cinerario plumbeo e Q. MARCIUS RUFUS, cos. ''suff.'' 36 a.C.'', [[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]], 217 (2021), p. 235f.
58. Ernest Weinrib, ''The Spaniards in Rome'' (1990), pp. 180, 309–311
59. Consuls from 30 to 1 BC are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
60. Augustus was apparently intended to be the colleague of Saturninus, but never took office. Saturninus held office alone until Vespillo and Vinicius succeeded him after 1 August and by 12 October. {{harvnb. Phillips. 1997
61. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from AD 1 through AD 12 are taken from {{harvnb. Syme. 1989
62. The consuls of this year are taken from Diana Gorostidi Pi, "Sui consoli dell'anno 13 d.C.: Nuovi dati dai fasti consulares Tusculani", ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]]'', 189 (2014), pg 265–275
63. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 14 to 36 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
64. First proposed by [[Hans-Georg Pflaum]], and accepted by Ladislaus Vidman (''Fasti Ostienses'', 2nd edition, p. 68); Cooley offers as a possible alternative A. Didius Gallus although she also puts him in the last ''nundinium'' of 39. {{harvnb. Gallivan. 1979
65. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 37 to 40 are taken from {{harvnb. Gallivan. 1979
66. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years AD 41 to 54 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
67. M. Christol and S. Demougin, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184137 "Notes de prosopographie équestre"], in ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 57 (1984), pp. 171–178.
68. The suffect consuls from July to December placed in 44 by Gallivan, Camodeca moved to 47 ([http://www.persee.fr/doc/efr_0000-0000_1991_act_143_1_4093 "Novità sui fasti consolari delle tavolette cerate della Campania"], ''Publications de l'École française de Rome'', 143 (1991), p. 52)
69. Giuseppe Camodeca, "I consoli del 43 e gli Antistii Veteres d'età claudia dalla riedizione delle Tabulae Herculanenses", ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 140 (2002), pp. 234–236.
70. Names and dates for 55 to 68 taken from {{harvnb. Camodeca. 2015
71. {{harvnb. Camodeca. 2015
72. {{harvnb. Camodeca. 2015. C. Licinius Mucianus]] and Q. Fabius Barbarus Antonius Macer in the second half of either 63 or 64.
73. Names and dates for this year are taken from G. B. Townend, "The Consuls of A. D. 69/70", ''[[American Journal of Philology]]'', 83 (1962), pp. 113–129
74. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 70 to 97 are taken from {{harvnb. Eck. 2009
75. {{harvnb. Gallivan. 1981. Eck. 2009
76. {{harvnb. Eck. 2009. [Fr]on[tino]]] or [[Aulus Didius Gallus Fabricius Veiento. [Veient]on[e]]].
77. See Syme, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184085 "P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?"] ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 56 (1984), pp. 173–192
78. Also referred to as T. Vinicius Julianus. {{harvnb. Salomies. 2005
79. {{harvnb. Gallivan. 1981
80. {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012. Eck. 2009. Gallivan. 1981
81. Syme first proposed the identification of this consul with M. Raecius Gallus ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/311156 "Pliny the Procurator"], ''Harvard Studies in Classical Philology'', 73 (1969), pp. 201–236 [p. 229]). However, he later concluded that [[Publius Glitius Gallus]] "is on every count a better candidate" than Raecius ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184085 "P. Calvisius Ruso. One Person or Two?"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 56 (1984), pp. 173–192 [p. 175]).
82. Eck, Werner. (2012). "Ein Diplom für die Truppen Judäas aus dem Jahr 87 und die Frage nach der Gleichförmigkeit römischer Militäradministration". [[Scripta Classica Israelica]].
83. Eck, W. "Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. Codex." ''Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali'', 5 (2024), pp. 105–125.
84. There may have been a pair of unattested consuls in April. {{harvnb. Eck. Pangerl. 2014
85. Placed in this year by Mommsen.
86. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 101 through 115 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
87. Added from Werner Eck, "Jahres- und Provinzialfastern der senatorischen Statthalter von 69/70 bis 138/139", ''Chiron'', 12 (1982), p. 327 n.181
88. Eck W. Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. Codex. Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali. 2024;5:105–125.
89. Added from {{AE. 2013. 650
90. As proposed by Syme, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/299703 "People in Pliny"], ''Journal of Roman Studies'', 58 (1968), pp. 139f
91. It is uncertain which ordinary consul Acilius Rufus replaced.
92. ''Fasti ostienses'' reads ''...] Rufu[s]''; Attilo Degrassi and Vidman restore this name as "L. Acilius Rufus", while Ronald Syme restores it as "M. Acilius Rufus" (Syme, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184192 "Superior Suffect Consuls"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 58 (1985), pp. 239–242)
93. This pair of consuls added from {{AE. 2004. 1898
94. (March 2021)
95. The praenomen Marcus is attested by an inscription dated 1 September. ({{AE. 1998. 1727)
96. Unless indicated otherwise, the names and dates for the years 116 and 117 are taken from Werner Eck, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23849806 "Konsuln des Jahres 117 in Militärdiplomen Traians mit Tribunicia Potestas XX"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 185 (2013), pp. 235–238
97. Sharankov, N. 2021. Five Official Inscriptions from Heraclea Sintica Including a Record of the Complete cursus honorum of D. Terentius Gentianus. Archaeologia Bulgarica 25.3, 1–43.
98. All that survives of the name on the ''Fasti ostienses''. Suggested restorations include Q. Cornelius Senecio Annianus (favored by {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012. Vidman. 1982
99. The names and dates for this year are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
100. The names and dates for this year are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, "Neue Diplome mit den Namen von Konsuln und Statthaltern," ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 187 (2013), p. 282
101. The names and dates for 120 and 121 are taken from Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23849807 "Ein Consul Suffectus Q. Aburnius in drei fragmentarischen Diplomen"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 185 (2013), pp. 239–247
102. W. Eck, A. Pangerl,"Neue Diplome aus der Zeit Hadrians für die beiden mösischen Provinzen", ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]]'', 207 (2018), pp. 219–224
103. The names and dates for this year are taken from Eck and Pangerl, "Neue Diplome," pp. 287f
104. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 124 through 130 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
105. Werner Eck and Andreas Pangerl had previously reconstructed the ''gentilicium'' of this otherwise unknown person as "Accena", but a more recently discovered military diploma proved this is his correct name. Eck and Pangerl, "[https://www.academia.edu/9096596/Eine_Konstitution_f%C3%BCr_das_Herr_von_Moesia_inferior_vom_1_Juni_125_in_5_Diplomen Eine Konstitution für das Herr von Moesia Inferior vom 1. Juni 125 in fünf Diplomen]", ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 188 (2014), pp. 245–249
106. All that survives from the ''Fasti ostienses'' is the praenomen; Vidman suggests this restoration (Vidman, ''Fasti Ostienses'', p. 118)
107. All that survives from the ''Fasti ostienses'' is the praenomen; Cooley suggests this restoration.
108. Unless otherwise noted, the names and dates for the consuls from 131 to 135 are taken from Werner Eck, Paul Holder and Andreas Pangerl, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/41291030 "A Diploma for the Army of Britain in 132 and Hadrian's Return to Rome from the East"], ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]]'', 174 (2010), p. 194. The structure of the ''nundinia'' presented for those years is also used here.
109. Unless otherwise indicated, the names and dates for the years 136 and 137 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
110. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 138 to 161 are taken from {{harvnb. Eck. 2013
111. Gregori G.L., Matei-Popescu F. Una costituzione di Antonino Pio del 30 ottobre 139 d.C. per gli auxilia della Dacia inferior. Un nuovo diploma militare in collezione privata. Codex. 2025;6, 141–158.
112. Eck W., "Pangerl A. Eine Konstitution für die classis Misenensis unter dem Präfekten Caecius Severus aus dem Jahr 141", ''International Journal of Ancient Mediterranean Studies'' 10 (2024)
113. So Eck ("Die Fasti consulares", p.75) and James H. Oliver ([http://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/9671 "The Solonian Constitution and a Consul of A.D. 149"], ''Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies'', 13 (1972), pp. 103–107) separately. Alföldy identifies this consul with [[Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus (proconsul of Africa). Servius Cornelius Scipio Salvidienus Orfitus]], proconsul of Africa 163/164 (''Konsulat und Senatorenstand'', p. 153)
114. Attested in [http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/edcs_id.php?s_sprache=de&p_edcs_id=EDCS-72900031 a military diploma] dated 19 November 150. Another source, dated 2 October, appears to indicate P. Julius Nauto instead, but Tomlin and Pearce note that his name is poorly inscribed and argue it was probably an incorrect transcription of Julianus's name. If Nauto and Julianus are different individuals, the former will have died by 19 November. (Roger S. O. Tomlin, John Pearce, [https://www.academia.edu/42723314/A_ROMAN_MILITARY_DIPLOMA_FOR_THE_GERMAN_FLEET_19_NOVEMBER_150_FOUND_IN_NORTHERN_BRITAIN "A Roman Military Diploma for the German Fleet (19 November 150) Found in Northern Britain]", ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'' 206 (2018), pp. 207–216.)
115. Eck W. Ein Arrius Severus als consul suffectus in einem Prätorianerdiplom des Jahres 151. ''Epigraphica''. 2024;86:490-494.
116. Eck W. Die Konsulnlisten in den Fasti Ostienses: Ergänzte und neue Namen. ''Codex. Giornale romanistico di studi giuridici, politici e sociali''. 2024;5:105–125
117. Possibly Q. Vilius Proculus or Q. Virius Larcius Sulpicius.
118. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 162 to 180 are taken from Géza Alföldy, ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen'' (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag, 1977), pp. 176–191
119. W. Eck, A. Pangerl, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20756858 "Eine neue Bürgerrechtskonstitution für die Truppen von Pannonia inferior aus dem Jahr 162 mit einem neuen Konsulnpaar"], ''[[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]]'', 173 (2010), pp. 223–236
120. P. A. Holder, ''Roman Military Diplomas V'', (2006), p. 861
121. C. Römer, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20187304 "Diplom für einen Fußsoldaten aus Koptos vom 23. März 179"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 82 (1990), pp. 137–153
122. Ioan Piso and Doina Benea, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20184094 "Das Militärdiplom von Drobeta"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 56 (1984), pp. 263ff
123. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 181 to 235 are taken from {{harvnb. Leunissen. 1989
124. David Stone Potter, ''The Roman Empire at bay, AD 180–395'' (2006), pg. 72
125. {{CIL. 6. 2100 reads ''..]vo'' or (nominative) ''...]vus'' for Rufus' colleague. This is the most frequent restoration.
126. Leunissen disagrees with Dessau, Groag, and Barbieri that the gentilicium of this suffect consul could be Atulenus. ({{harvnb. Leunissen. 1989
127. The suffects for this year are taken from Peter Weiß, "Konstitutionen eines toten Kaisers: Militärdiplome von Commodus aus dem Jahr 193 n. Chr.", ''PHAROS Studien zur griechisch-römischen Antike. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015''. Verlag Marie Leidorf GmbH, Rahden 2015, pp. 273–280.
128. Fabius Cilo was possibly a colleague of Silius Messalla. Peter Weiß, p. 277.
129. The sources disagree on his praenomen: {{CIL. 13. 1754 attests "L.", while {{CIL. 8. 8937 attests "C."
130. ''Suffectus in absentia''. It is uncertain which consul he replaced. ({{harvnb. Leunissen. 1989
131. This pair of suffect consuls taken from Werner Eck, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20191441 "Prosopographische Bemerkungen zum Militärdiplom vom 20.12.202 n. Chr. Der Flottenpräfekt Aemilius Sullectinus und das Gentilnomen des Usurpators Regalianus"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 139 (2002), pp. 208–210.
132. This pair is attested in B. Pferdehirt, ''Römische Militärdiplome und Entlassungsurkunden in der Sammlung des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums'' (Mainz: 2004), vol. 1, 135–137 (''RGZM'' 46) and P. A. Holder, ''Roman Military Diplomas VI'' (2025), no. 638
133. Added from {{harvnb. Leunissen. 1989
134. This pair is attested in M. M. Roxan, ''Roman Military Diplomas, 3: 1985–93'' (1994), no. 188
135. His praenomen was confirmed by Askold Ivantchik, Oleg Pogorelets and Rostislav Savvov, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20476417 "A New Roman Military Diploma from the Territory of the Ukraine"], ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 163 (2007), pp. 255–262
136. Andreas Krieckhaus, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20192080 "Vater und Sohn. Bemerkungen zu den severischen consules ordinarii M. Munatius Sulla Cerialis und M. Munatius Sulla Urbanus]", ''Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik'', 153 (2005), pp. 283–284
137. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 236 to 285 are taken from {{harvnb. Cooley. 2012
138. Caillan Davenport, "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/23800503 M. Claudius Tacitus: Senator or Soldier?]", ''Latomus'', vol. 73, no. 1 (2014), pp. 174–187
139. Benet Salway, "[https://www.academia.edu/19635347/Redefining_the_Roman_imperial%C3%A9lite_in_the_fourth_century_AD_in_D._Oko%C5%84_ed._Elites_in_the_Ancient_World_Szczeci%C5%84skie_Studia_nad_Staro%C5%BCytno%C5%9Bci%C4%85_vol._II_Szczecin_Minerwa_2015_189-220 Redefining the Roman imperial élite in the fourth century AD]", in D. Okoń (ed.), ''Elites in the Ancient World'' (Szczecińskie Studia nad Starożytnością, vol. II, Szczecin: Minerwa, 2015), pp. 189–220
140. (2005). "The Cambridge Ancient History: Volume 12, The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337". Cambridge University Press.
141. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 284 to 541 are taken from {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
142. From the ''Fasti Caleni'', as published in {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
143. From the ''Fasti Caleni'', as published in {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
144. His praenomen was most certainly Marcus, although it was almost never used. {{harvnb. Salway. 1994
145. There where three different pairs of consuls for the years 307 and 308, each proclaimed under a different jurisdiction. The first was declared by the legitimate Eastern emperors ([[Galerius]], [[Licinius]] and [[Maximinus Daza. Maximinus II]]), the second by [[Constantine the Great. Constantine I]], and the third by [[Maxentius]]. See {{harvnb. Barnes. 1982. Bagnall. 1987
146. Waldron, Byron. (2020-01-01). "Decies et Maximiano VII: A Proposed Revision to Consular Dating during the Rise of Constantine". [[Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik]].
147. Constantine did not recognize his own appointment as consul by Galerius, which is reflected in his later iteration numbers. {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
148. [[Licinius]] did not recognize Constantine's consuls for the years 322 and 323, but did not elect any of his own. {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
149. Proculus seems to have fallen into disgrace and Iulianus appointed for him, see T. D. Barnes, in ''ZPE'' 21 (1976), p. 280 and {{harvnb. Barnes. 1982. Bagnall. 1987
150. Following [http://papyri.info/ddbdp/p.stras;3;137 p.Stras 137.20] and [http://papyri.info/ddbdp/p.stras;3;138 p.Stras 138.17] the first name could be Ionius instead of Iulius, see discussion in {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
151. Cameron, Alan. (1988). "Flavius: a Nicety of Protocol". Latomus.
152. Despite being a member of the Constantinian dynasty, [[Julius Constantius]] did not use the ''nomen'' "Flavius".
153. Bonosus was recognized as consul by Emperor Constans until April or May, when the latter began to acknowledge Sallustius. Under Constantius II, Sallustius was recognized as consul through the whole year. {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
154. Saylor Rodgers, Barbara. (First Quarter 1981). "Merobaudes and Maximus in Gaul". [[Historia (Antiquity journal).
155. '[P]resumably a westerner' – {{harvnb. Bagnall. 1987
156. Patrizia Sabbatini Tumolesi, Silvia Orlandi, Marco Buonocore & Maurizio Fora, ''Epigrafia anfiteatrale dell'Occidente Romano'', volume 6 (Quasar, 1988), pp. 292, 397
157. {{AE. 2004. 01410.
158. Gregorovius, Ferdinand. (1894). "History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages". [[George Bell & Sons]].
159. Riedel, M. L. D.. (2018). "Leo VI and the Transformation of Byzantine Christian Identity". Cambridge University Press.
160. {{Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. ODB pp. 963–964.
161. Unless otherwise noted, consuls from 566 until 613 are taken from {{harvnb. Degrassi. 1952
162. [[Chronicon Paschale]]. Translated by [[Michael Whitby]] & Mary Whitby, 1989. [[Liverpool University Press]], p. 139. 583 was officially recorded as Tiberius Constantine's fourth post-consulship, despite his death in 582. Maurice assumed the consulship on Christmas 583 for the following year.
163. [[Chronicon Paschale]]. Translated by [[Michael Whitby]] & Mary Whitby, 1989. [[Liverpool University Press]], p. [[iarchive:chronicon-p/page/142. 142]]. "Maurice’s second consulship: perhaps to be connected with the twentieth anniversary of Maurice’s accession, it was probably a further attempt to boost his popularity". The consulship began on the 6th July.
164. Kaegi, Walter Emil. (2003). "Heraclius: Emperor of Byzantium". Cambridge University Press.
165. Theophanes. (1997). "Chronographia". [[Oxford University Press]].
166. Bede. (1999). "Bede (673–734): Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation, Book V: Chapter VII". Medieval Sourcebook.
167. Thompson, Margaret. (1940). "The American Excavations in the Athenian Agora: Eighteenth Report (Jul. – Sep., 1940): Some Unpublished Bronze Money of the Early Eighth Century". Hesperia.
168. [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica. MGH]] (1892) [https://www.dmgh.de/mgh_epp_3/#page/314/mode/1up Epp. 3 p. 314, 316]. Constantine V and Artabasdos were rival emperors between 741 and 743. Both emperors assumed the consulship in 742, but neither recognized the other as consul.
169. (2020). "The Acts of the Second Council of Nicaea (787)". Liverpool University Press.