List of political parties in China

Legal parties

Ruling party

The Chinese Communist Party is the sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China. The Chinese constitution states that "The defining feature of socialism with Chinese characteristics is the leadership of the Communist Party of China", while the CCP constitution declares the party to be the "highest force for political leadership".

Minor parties

While only the CCP holds effective power at the national level, there are officially eight minor and non-oppositional parties that exist alongside the CCP that are officially titled democratic parties. Founded before the proclamation of the People's Republic of China, these parties must accept the "leading role" of the CCP as a condition of their continued existence. The official party system of the PRC is termed a system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CCP. According to Human Rights Watch, these parties "play an advisory rather than an oppositional role".

List

Other parties

Banned parties

The following parties formed in China are (or have previously been) banned by the government:

• The Communist Party of China (Marxist–Leninist) () is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by several Maoist rebel factions of the Red Guards in Wuhan, Hubei. They believed it was illegal to arrest the Gang of Four and that the new leadership of the CCP is revisionist and unlawful. They were suppressed after attempts at an armed revolt failed in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Canton and Yunnan.
• The Communist Party of China (Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army) () is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 1976 by a Maoist rebel faction of the Red Guards in Fujian. They used the old fortifications built during the Chinese Civil War and organized a partisan army named the "Workers' and Peasants' Liberation Army". They announced that the new leadership of the CCP is revisionist and called for uprising and reestablished the Party Central Committee.
• The New Democracy Party of China () was founded by Guo Quan in Nanjing at the end of 2007.
• The Maoist Communist Party of China () is an anti-revisionist communist party founded in 2008. The party seeks to initiate a "second socialist revolution" to re-establish the dictatorship of the proletariat. It has been subject to crackdowns by the Chinese government.
• The Zhi Xian Party (), also known as the Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English. Founded by the supporters of Bo Xilai in 2013 and banned in December of that year.

Overseas parties

• Shanghai National Party is a pro-democracy party which advocates for Shanghai independence, led by He Anquan, who left China after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The party was notable for its opposition to China's COVID-19 lockdown policies. In particular, he referred to the lockdowns in Shanghai as a genocide and maintained a hunger strike outside the Chinese consulate in New York City. Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, He Anquan visited Ukraine in order to document the war.

Historical parties

Defunct parties

Extant parties banned in the People's Republic of China

Notes

References

References

1. Buckley, Roger. (1997-05-28). "Hong Kong: The Road to 1997". [[Cambridge University Press]].
2. (11 March 2018). "Annotated Translation: 2018 Amendment to the PRC Constitution (Version 2.0)".
3. Xu, Wei. (28 October 2022). "Amendment to the Party Constitution elaborated". [[China Daily]].
4. (30 June 2025). "中国共产党党内统计公报". [[State Council of the People's Republic of China]].
5. (2019). "Clientelistic State Corporatism: The United Front Model of "Pairing-Up" in the Xi Jinping Era". China Review.
6. (2012-01-02). "China Versus the West: The Global Power Shift of the 21st Century". [[Wiley (publisher).
7. Chen, Minglu. (2015-11-27). "Local governance: the roles of the People’s Congresses and the People’s Political Consultative Conferences". [[Edward Elgar Publishing]].
8. "China: Nipped In The Bud - Background".
9. (25 April 2007). "国台办称中国泛蓝联盟是非法组织".
10. Gittings, John (2005). ''The Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market''. Oxford University Press, 2005. {{ISBN. 0-19-280612-2.
11. (2006-06-29). "Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World". [[Oxford University Press]].
12. (2017). "1978-1979: Diary". China Cultural Communication Press.
13. (1977-01-01). "'四人帮'在福建打游击". 展望.
14. (1977-12-01). "福建四人帮战讯". 展望.
15. Demick, Barbara. (20 March 2012). "China puts a stop to Maoist revival". [[Los Angeles Times]].
16. Moore, Malcolm. "Former teacher names Bo Xilai chairman of 'new political party'". [[The Daily Telegraph]].
17. Benjamin Kang Lim and Ben Blanchard. (9 November 2013). "Bo Xilai supporters launch new political party in China". [[The Globe and Mail]].
18. Shao, Heng. "Bizarre China Report: The Grand Wedding, Power Play & Smog-Inspired Creativity". [[Forbes]].
19. (14 December 2013). "北京民政局发出取缔"至宪党"决定". [[Deutsche Welle]].
20. (26 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement".
21. (April 5, 2022). "旅美异见人士纽约中领馆外绝食抗议上海封城".
22. (March 3, 2022). "Exiled Chinese dissident travels to Ukraine in bid to document war".