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List of plants in the Bible

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This article lists plants referenced in the Bible, ordered alphabetically by English common/colloquial name. For plants whose identities are unconfirmed or debated the most probable species is listed first. Plants named in the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible or Tenakh) are given with their Hebrew name, while those mentioned in the New Testament are given with their Greek names.

A

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
səneh	Abraham's Bush or
Blackberry	Vitex agnus-castus, Rubus sanctus or Loranthus acaciae	Exodus 3:2
šiṭṭāh	Acacia, Spirale	Acacia raddiana	Exodus 25:10
’almuggîm	Almug tree; traditionally thought to denominate Red Sandalwood and/or
White Sandalwood, but a few claim it is Juniper	Pterocarpus santalinus
Santalum album
Juniperus excelsa	2 Chronicles 2:8; 9:10, 11; 1 Kings 10:11, 12
šāqêḏ	Almond	Amygdalus communis	Genesis 43:11
’ăhālîm	Agarwood ("Aloe")	Aquilaria malaccensis	Proverbs 7:17
κρίνον, krinon	Anemone	Anemone coronaria	Matthew 6:28
ἄνηθον, anēthon	Anise or Dill	Pimpinella anisum, Anethum graveolens	Matthew 23:23
tappūaḥ	Apple or citron	Malus domestica or Citrus medica	Genesis 2:7; Job 31:39; Jeremiah 15:9

B–E

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
bōśem, bəḵā’îm	Balsam	Commiphora gileadensis	Exodus, Songs
śə‘ōrāh	Barley	Hordeum vulgare	Numbers 5:15; Ezekiel 4:9
bā’ezrāḥ	Bay	Laurus nobilis	Psalm 37:35
bəḏōlaḥ	Bdellium	Commiphora africana	; Numbers 11:7
p̄ōl	Bean	Vicia faba	Ezekiel 4:9
ṯə’aššūr	Box	Buxus sempervirens	Isaiah 41:19
tsin	Boxthorn	Lycium europaeum	Proverbs 22:5
’āṭāḏ	Bramble	Rubus ulmifolius	Judges 9:15
rōṯem	Broom	Calycotome villosa, Retama raetam or Spartium junceum	Psalm 120:4, 1 Kings 19:4
gōme	Bulrush or
Papyrus	Typha spp.
Cyperus papyrus	Exodus 2:3, Job 40:21 (ABP and NETS)
’ăḇîyōnāh	Caper, Desire	Capparis spinosa	Ecclesiastes 12:5
κεράτιον, keration	Carob and Locust	Ceratonia siliqua	Luke 15:16, Matthew 3:1
qiddāh	Cassia	Cinnamomum iners	Exodus 30:24, Psalm 45:8, Job 42:14
qîqōnāh	Castor Oil Tree ("Jonah's gourd")	Ricinus communis	Jonah 4:9
’ārez	Cedar of Lebanon	Cedrus libani	1 Kings 5:10, 2 Kings 19:23
qinnāmōn	Cinnamon	Cinnamomum zeylanicum	Proverbs 7:17
ḇā’əšāh	Cockle or Stinkweed	Agrostemma githago	Job 31:40
gad	Coriander	Coriandrum sativum	Exodus 16:31
karpas	Cotton	Gossypium herbaceum	Esther 1:6
ḥăḇatseleṯ	Crocus	Crocus sativus	Song of Solomon 2:1, Isaiah 35:1
qiššu’a	Cucumber	Cucumis melo	Numbers 11:5
kammōn; κύμινον, kuminon	Cumin	Cuminum cyminum	Isaiah 28:27
qetsaḥ	Cumin, Black	Nigella sativa	Isaiah 44:14
tirzāh	Cypress	Cupressus sempervirens	Isaiah 44:14
bərōš	Cypress or fir	Cupressus sempervirens	Isaiah 44:14
tāmār
φοίνιξ, phoinix	Date Palm	Phoenix dactylifera	Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13
diḇyōnîm	Dove's Dung	Ornithogalum narbonense	2 Kings 6:25
tiḏhār	Elm	Ulmus minor subsp. canescens	Song of Solomon 5:11; 7:7, 8, John 12:13

F–I

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
ṯə’ênāh	Fig	Ficus carica	Joel 1:7
’ōren	Fir	Abies cilicica	1 Kings etc.
pešeth	Flax	Linum usitatissimum	Proverbs 31:13
peraḥ	Flowers, unidentified		1 Kings 7:26
ləḇōnāh	Frankincense	Boswellia thurifera	Matthew 2:10, 11
šūm	Garlic	Allium sativum	Numbers 11:5
‘ănāḇ	Grape	Vitis vinifera	Genesis 40:10 etc.
ḥătsîr	Grass		Numbers 11:5
kimśuḵaṯ ḥāḏeq	Hedge of Thorns	Solanum incanum	Proverbs 15:19
rōš	Hemlock or gall	Conium maculatum, Papaver somniferum	Amos 6:12
kōp̄er	Henna	Lawsonia inermis	Song of Solomon 1:14
’êzōḇ
ὕσσωπος, hysōpos	Hyssop	Hyssopus officinalis	Leviticus 14:52
qaṭṭərāh	Incense	Boswellia sacra	Hosea 4:13
šōšannāh	Iris (then denominated "Lily")	Iris palaestina	1 Kings 7:22

J–M

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
n/a	Judas Tree	Cercis siliquastrum	Matthew 27:5
‘ărō‘êr	Juniper	Juniperus excelsa	Jeremiah 17:6, 48:6
ἄκανθα, akantha	Jujube	Ziziphus spina-christi	Matthew 27:29
ḥātsîr	Leek	Allium porrum	Numbers 11:5
‘ăḏāša	Lentil	Lens esculenta	2 Samuel 17:28; Ezekiel 4:9
šōwōšannaṯ hā-‘ămāqîm	Lily-of-the-valley	Convallaria majalis	Song of Solomon 2:1
šêš	Linen	Linum usitatissimum	Exodus 35:25
tse’ĕlîm	Lotus	Nelumbo nucifera	Job 40:21–22
mallūaḥ	Mallow	Atriplex halimus	Job 30:4
ḏūḏā’î	Mandrake	Mandragora autumnalis	Genesis 30:15
man	Manna	Alhagi camelorum	Numbers 11:7
ἡδύοσμον, hēduosmon	Mint	Mentha spp.	Matthew 23:23
σίναπι, sinapi	Mustard	Brassica nigra	Matthew 13:31
lōṭ	Myrrh	Commiphora guidotti	Genesis 37:25, 43:11
hăḏas	Myrtle	Myrtus communis	Isaiah 55:13

N–R

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
sirpaḏ	Nettle	Acanthus spinosus	Isaiah 55:13
beten	Pistachio	Pistacia vera	Song of Solomon 6:11
’allōn	Oak	Quercus calliprinos	Joshua 24:26
zāyiṯ	Olive	Olea europaea	Judges 9:9
bətsāl	Onion	Allium cepa	Numbers 11:5
‘armōn	Plane	Platanus orientalis	Ezekiel 31:8, Genesis 30:37
rimmōn	Pomegranate	Punica granatum	Song of Solomon 7:12
liḇneh	Poplar species	Populus spp.	Isaiah 44:4
ḥallāmūṯ	Purslane	Portulaca oleracea	Job 6:6
’êḇeh	Reed (see also Cane)	Phragmites	Ezekiel 40:vv., Job 40:21
πήγανον, pēganon	Rue	Ruta graveolens	Luke 11:42
’aḡmōn	Rush	Juncus spp.	Isaiah 9:14

S

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
karkōmn	Saffron	Crocus sativus	Song of Solomon 4:14
kussemeṯ	Spelt	Triticum spelta	Isaiah 28:25; Ezekiel 4:9
nêrəd	Spikenard	Nardostachys jatamansi	Song of Solomon 4:14
nāṭāf	Stacte or Storax	Styrax officinalis, Liquidambar orientalis	Exodus 30:34
συκάμινος, sykaminos	Sycamine Fig-mulberry or Mulberry	Ficus sycomorus, Morus nigra or Morus alba	Luke 17:6

T–Z

Name in Bible	Plant name	Scientific name	References
’ešel	Tamarisk	Tamarix aphylla	Genesis 21:33
ζιζάνιον, zizanion	"Tares", Darnel	Lolium temulentum	Matthew 13:25–40
’êlāh	Terebinth	Pistacia terebinthus	2 Samuel 18:9
ḥōwaḥ	Thistle	Cardueae	Job 31:40, 2 Chronicles 25:18
qōts	Thorn, thornbush	Vachellia tortilis or similar	Jeremiah 4:3
θύϊνος, thyinos	Thyine Wood	Tetraclinis articulata	Revelation 18:12
‘êts	Timber		2 Kings 12:12
hă-ḇatseleṯ ha-Šārōn	Tulip Sharon	Tulipa agenensis	Song of Solomon 2:1
’ĕḡōz	Walnut	Juglans regia	Song of Solomon 6:11, Genesis 43:11
’ăḇaṭṭiḥ	Watermelon	Citrullus lanatus
ḥiṭṭāh
ḥinṭa’	Wheat	Triticum aestivum	Ezra 7:22; Ezekiel 4:9
‘ărāḇ	Willow	Salix alba	Job 40:22
ἄψινθος, apsinthos
la‘ănāh	Wormwood	Artemisia absinthium	Revelation 8:11

Notes

References

Sources

Post, G.E. Bible Dictionary Contributions
Zohary, Michael (1982) Plants of the Bible. New York: Cambridge University Press.

References

"The Paths of Daniel: Studies in Judaism and Jewish Culture in Honor of Rabbi Professor Daniel Sperber". Bar-Ilan University press.
Zohar Amar, ''Flora of the Bible: A New Investigation Aimed at Identifying All of the Plants of the Bible in Light of Jewish Sources and Scientific Research'', Jerusalem, 2012, p. 220 (s. v. '''חדק''')
H. G. Liddell and R. Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1843–1996, under "{{lang. grc. ζιζάνια". The plural form "Zizania" has modernly denominated in botany [[wild rice]].
[http://www.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?strongs=G2215 Thayer's Lexicon: ζιζάνια]
Longman, Tremper. (2001). "Songs of Songs". Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing.

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